Memorandum On The Geolgical Survey Of India

■ ^jOVeENMENT oe dteia.

i

department of TOMMSBOE and ffiDDSTEY.

MEMORANDUM OH THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PREPARED FOR THE

PUBLIC SERVICES COMMISSION.

SIMLA?

GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BRANCH PRESS.
1912.

RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

DATE LABEL' : •'

‘ Date of Release

Accn. for loan

^ t

This book should be returned to the library on or
before the date last stamped below.

R.U.P.—p.St.— 10,030— 11-64.

MEMORANDUM

ON THE

Geological Survey of India.’

{For the Public Services Commission.)

Reorganisation of the Department conse-
quent on the report of the Public Ser-
vices Commission of j 886 - 8 f.

Despiteh to the SeereUty of Slate No. 9oi (Fi>
nance and, Commerce), dated the 98 th July iS^t,

"Despatch from the Secretary oi State No, 6
{Statistics}, dated 38th January 1893.

fDespatch to the Secretary of State No. 150 (FI.
nance and CcmmercO. dated the Slat Juno i^a,

IDrspntcb from the Secretary of State No. 70
(Revenue}, dated the 35th August 1893,

The organization of the Geological Sur-
vey Department at the time of the Public
Services Commission of 1886-87 is outlined
in paragraph 102 of the Commission’s
report. At that time, however, the ques-
tion of the reconstitution of the Department ,
was under consideration and the Secretary
of State had deferred consideration of the
Government of India’s proposals in this
connection on account of the appointment
of the Public Services Commission. The
Commission made various recommenda-
tions regarding the Department which were
duly considered by the Government of
India in submitting revised proposals to the
Secretary of State in July 1891, The
proposals included a new scale of salaries
and the appointment of two specialists and
a pala:ontologist.

The Secretary of State accepted* the
proposals of the Government of India
generally, but asked to be informed how
many officers w’ould be employed on
Geological Survey work proper and how
many on mineral and other economic ex-
plorations. ■ The information wasf supplied
to the Secretary of State, who then for-
mally agreed! to the Government of India’s
proposals. The new scheme was published
in Resolution Nos. -fi, dated the 8th
March 1893.

Dspateb from the Scer e lory of Sta'ie No, 56
(Revenue}, dated the 4th May 1693.

8

Reaolutlon No. loi , dated the 7th July 1894.

The Secretary of State, however, took
exception to two of the conditions pres-
cribed with the Resolution. One of these
related to the application of the two-
thirds pay rule to natives of India and
the other enabled ap officer on promotion
to a higher grade to draw a sahiry
above the minimum ‘of the grade. The
rule as to two-thirds pay was abolished
and a modification was made in the other
condition. The conditions of service as
finally revised were published in July 1894.

This then represents the reorganization
of the Service consequent on the recom-
mendations of the Public Services Com-
mission of 1886-87.

a

, Sttbsegveiti Changes,

Thehav of, the Director.— sanc-
tioned pay of the Director at the time of
the reorganization was Rs. ii5oo men-
sem although the actual incumbents of
the ’office had in practice drawn higher
pay than liiis. Ib >90i fhe Governnlent
of India recommended that the pay should
be raised to Rs. 1,500—60—1,800. This
recommendation was* accepted by the
Secretary of State. In 1906, in connec-
tion with the general reorganization of the
Department, (see below), Uie Government
of India recomracndedf that the pay of
the Director should be raised to Rs. 2,000 —
100—2,500 ; but the Secretary of State,
although agreeing to a special rate of pay
(Rs. 2,500) for- Mr. (now Sir Thomas)
Holland, fixed the Director’s pay at
ks. 2,00(3 only. This is the rate at the
present time.

In 1904 the question of the method
of recruitment was reconsidered, and re-
vised proposals were submitted to the
Secretary of State. At the same time it
was recommended that the special post. of
palseontofogist should be abolished and the
palajontological work. should be provided
for by the addition to the cadre of one
appointment of the grade of Deputy Super-
intendent. This was approved by the
Secretary of Stale. A report is now made
at the beginning^ of each year regarding
probable vacancies.

The recommendation of the Public
Services Commission of 1886-87 that the
appointment of specialists should be conti-
nued was carried out until 1906, when Sir
T. Holland recommended that* the appoint-
ment of short term specialists should be
discontinued, as they had been found un-
satisfactory. The Government of India
supported Sir T. Holland’s proposal and
the Secretary of Slate agreed. Two ap-
pointments were added to the general cadre
m place of the specialists.

Despatch (othc Secretary of State No. 176
(Finance and Contmeicc], dated the 6th Jane*
ipoi.

• Detpnieh from Secretary of State No. 91
(Keverue}, doted rath July igot.

t Despatch to the Secretary of State No. 99
«««•). dated sand March

Minot Departmenta
j9o6.

Decpatch from the Secretary of State Wo. 107
taerenne), dated 15th June ipo6.

Despatch to the Secretary of State No, aSfl,
dated the ^th Aognst 1904,

Despatch from the Secretary of State No. i j9
{Revenue), dated 14th Oetober 1904.

Despatch to the' Secretary of State No. 99
(Finance), dated the sand March igo6.

Dn'pateh from 'the Srerrtary'of Stale No. 107
(Reveaue). dated the tsth June 1906.

At the same time a general rcorga- •
nization of the Department was sanction ed,
and the scheme was published ib a Reso-
lution of the Department of Commerce
and Industry dated the 7th September
1906.

Present Constitution of the Department.

The sanctioned staff of the Department,
as revised in 1906, consists of—

I Director ...

3 Superintendents ...
15 Assistant Superinten-
denls—

For the first five years
Thereafter
1 Chemist

Monthly salary.

Rs.

2^boo.

1,000— -So— 1,400.

350—30—500.

500—50—1,000.

500—50—1,000,

3

A local allowance of Rs. 150 per men-
sem is granted to the officer doing the
work of palseontologist at head-quarters,'

The leave, pension and travelling allow-
ance rules of the officers of the department . ’
are contained in the Civil Service Regula-
tions. They are eligible for a retiring
pension after 20 years’ service (Art. 476;
Civil Service Regulations). Recruitment is
not restricted to Europeans. There are at
the present time two natives cf India in
the Department and one statutory Indian
(Mr. Fox), who was a State technical
scholar. The officers of the Department
are eligible for the benefits of the Calcutta
House Allowance scheme.

Petpatch to the Secretary of Slate No. S14 (Pay
and Allowances), dated the t3th June 1907.

(Sanetiened by the Secrel.iry of State io his
Despatch No. i39(Rcvcnae), dated the 30th August

1907).

The reorganization of xgo6 adversely
affected several of the officers in the De-
partment, and special rates of pay were ;
sanctioned by the Secretary of State in the '
case of these officers.

Genct^al Remarks.

The scope of Gcologic.al Survey and its
relations to officials and private individuals
was discussed in a note by Sir T. Holland
submitted to the Royal Commission on
Decentralization in India.

Appointment of Sub-As 5 isiants,~~>\n
paragraph 7 of Resolution No. of the
8th March 1893, it was stated that one
appointment in the Assistant Superinten-
dents* grade would be reserved to cover
the cost of Sub-Assistants. The appoint-
ment of Sub-Assistants was an experi-
mental scheme inaugurated in 1 872 for the
employment of Indians as apprentices or
probationers in the Department. The ad-
vantages of employing natives of India in
subordinate geological work, as distinct
froin the question of their fitness for pro-
motion to the higher grades, was discussed
by Sir T. Holland in his letter No. 10S7,
dated the 27ih August 1903. This policy
is still being continued though a post of
Assistant Superintendent is not now re-
served against these posts. Two Indian
Sub-Assistants are at present employed in
the Department on a pay of Rs. 150 —
10—300.

With regard to the other subordinate
^ Scientific posts in the Department the post
ol Artist on Rs, 250—25—400 has hitherto
been held by Europeans. The post is vacant
at the present time, and all attempts to
obtain a man locally .having* failed, the
Despatch to the Seeret.iry of State No. Secretary of State has been asked to

select a candidate. The post hi Assist-
ant Curator of the IGcological Museum
(Rs. 250—20—350) is at present held by

an Indian, The previous incumbent was
an Anglo-Indian.

- The appointment of two field collectors
' 75 — 10 — 155) whose duty is to pro-

ceed to the field and make collections of
the more important Indian rocks, minerals
and fossils, was sanctioned in Jul}' ipti
as part of a comprehensive scheme for
strengthening the Subordinate establish-
ment of the Geological Survey. The inten-
tion is to fill these posts with men who
have obtained a Geological training in the
Calcutta University or some corresponding
institution. ^

I

C. D. P

•I Sitn1a.-_N,^

*14 C. fc I.

Printed papers atiached,

I. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. aoi (Finance and Commerce),
dated the 28th July 1891. .

“ 2. Despatch from the Secretary of State No. 6 (Statistics), dated the 28th

January 189a.

3. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. '150 (Finance and Commerce),
dated the oist June 189a.

4. Despatch from the Secretary of State No. 70 (Revenue), dated the 2Sth
August 1892.

5. Resolution of the Government of India, Revenue and Agriculture
Department No. 3 — 74, dated the 8th March 1893, with Appendix.

6. Despatch from the Secretary of State No. 56 (Revenue), dated the
4th May 1893.

7. Conditions of service as finally revised in July 1894.

8. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. 1 76 (Finance and Commerce),
dated the 6th June 1901.

Q. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. 286 (Finance and Commerce),
dated the 4th August 1904.

10. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. 99 (Finance), dated the 22nd
March 1906, with enclosure No. i. Letter from Sir T. Holland No. 344-C., dated
the Sth June 1905.

( I. Despatch from the Secretary of State No, 107 (Revenue), dated the
15th June 1906.

12. Resolution of the Department of Commerce and Industry dated the 7th
September 1906, with Appendix, giving the conditions for appointments in the
Geological Survey Department.

13. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. 214 (Finance), dated the 13th
June 1907.

14. Letter from Mr. T. H. Holland, No. 1087, dated the 27th August 1903.

■15. Despatch to the Secretary of State No. $6 (Commerce ana . -..’try)*
dated the 19th October 191 1.

Letter from Mr. H. H. Hayden, No. 5773, dated the 25th Sep*

tember 1911.

List of papers not specially printed*

1. List of officers of the Geological Survey of India.

2. Enclosures to despatch to the Secretary of State No. 201 (Finance and
Commerce), dated the eSih July iSgt.

(») Memorandum by Mr, W. T. Blanford, dated the 31st December 1890.

{it) Letter from Mr. W. T. Blanford, dated the 23rd January 1891.

{Hi) Two Memoranda by Dr. W, King, Director, Geological Survey, dated
the 21st February 1891.

(*») Proposition Statement.

(v) Revised, Schedule of conditions.

3. Letter from Mr. T. H. Holland, Director, Geological Survey of India, dated
the 2nd December 1903 (enclosure to Despatch No. 2860! the 4th August 1904).

4. Enclosures 2 to 5 lb the Despatch to the Secretary of State No. 99
(Finance), dated the 22nd March 1906,

g. Note by Sir T. Holland on the scope of the Geological Survey, etc.,
submitted to the Royal Commission on Decentralization in India.

6, Letter from Mr. H. H. Hayden, Director, Geological Survey of India,
No. 812, dated the iith February 191 1.

7. Letter from the Government of India, to the Director, Geological Survey
of India, No. 5305*32. dated the 14th July 19 1 u

7

No. I.

No. 201 (Financc)j dated the 2Sth July i89t<

From— The Government of India,

To— Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India.

With reference to the correspondence noted on the ntargin, we have the

Despatch to Secretary oE State, No. 317 (Sataries,
etc.), dated 3 tth Novenber 1887.

Despatch from Secretary of State, No. 103 (St.atii.
tics and Commerce), dated sand December 1887.

Despatch from Secretary of State, No 32 (Statis.

tics and Commerce), dated isth March 18S8.

Despatch to Secretary of State, No. 1 (General),
dated lit April 1890.

Despatch to Secretary of Stale, No. 15 (Surveys),
dated 27th May l8go.

Despatch from Seeretary of State, No, 48 (Statis*
ties), dated 1 3 th June 1890.

England.

honour to state that we have now consi-
dered the question of the future consti-
tution and recruitment of the Geological
Survey Department in connection with the
report of the Public Service Commission
and with the advice received from Mr.
Blanford, late Director of the Department
who has himself consulted other experts in

We have the honour to submit a copy of the correspondence with Mr.
Blanford, together with copies of notes recorded by the present Director of the
Department, Dr. King, and to submit the following remarks and proposals,

2. Under the system hitherto adopted for recruitment, the only qualification
required from candidates has been a sound geological education of an academic
character. Practical training has not been insisted on, but, as stated in our
despatch No. 1$ of the 27th May i8go, the necessity for combining scientific
education with a practical training in applied science, especially in mining, has
been brought prominently forward in connection with the development of the
jmineral resources of Burma, Baluchistan and other parts of India. After an exa-
mination of the character of the education which the officers now in the depart-
ment had received, and their qualifications for practical investigation, we find
that, although some of them have developed a talent for practical exploration,
yet that it has been educed by what has^ virtually amounted to a course of
apprenticeship in the later years of their service in India.

As a rule the age of candidates selected has been under 35 years, and wc
agree with Mr. Blanford that this should be the highest limit of age.

With regard to the condition requiring a two years’ probationary course in
India, we beg to point out that this has not been effectively useful in preventing
the occasional introduction into the department of second rate men in conse-
quence of the practical difficulty — we may say impossibility-of dismissing a
young officer merely on the score of mediocrity, and requiring him to seek
somewhat late in life, for fresh employment. 'It may however be possible, for
grave reasons, and in rare cases, to take advantage of the rule, and we there-
fore desire that it should be maintained.

3. The views of the Public Service Commission were thus recorded in
their report : —

Chapter X. paragraph 70. — (1) That candidates should continue to be
.obtained from England so long as Indian schools do not provide adequate
geological and scientific education, but that ^election should be made irres-
pective of nationality.

Paragraph 7/. — {2) That appointments as Sub- Assistants shou'd be limi-
ted to the number required to assist .the upper grade, and that promotion
to the upper grade should be open to Sub-.Assistants who prove their ability
for independent work.

Paragraph 7^.— (3) That the organization of the department should not
exceed that required to secure systematic investigation.

Piffftgyaph That the graded system is unsuited to a department

which calls for the highest efficiency in an equal degree throughout the whole
term of employment.

Paragraph 74 - ^S) That the system of engaging specialists for a limited
term of years is advantageous and should be coniinued.

8

With the exception of that contained in paragraph 73 or clause (4), we
accept the above suggestions, but we desire to offer some remarks on the second
clause We are anxious that natives ,of India, whether educated here or in
J£ngland, should be utilised in the department, provided that they are found to
possess the qualifications essential to independent and original work in the
field of geological investigation. But we are in complete accord with the Director
of the Geological Department in doubting \\’hether the system of appointing
natives, who will generally be men of no very pronounced talent, as probationary
Sub-Assistants is likely to be successful. Original scientific research demands
mental and physical qu^ifications which are not apparently found in races bred
,in tropical, climates to the same extent that they exist in the, more vigorous races
of northern latitudes, and we consider that the selection of natives for the depart-
ment will have to be made with the very greatest care. It may perhaps be
hoped that tyith an improved system of school education, in, which habits of
observation and practical enquiry will be more developed than' they now are
candidates will eventually be forth-coming, upon whose powers of original
investigations more dcpctidence can he placed than is the case at present. In
the meantime we do not consider it desirable to. make any more- appointments
to the grade of Sub- Assistant, which was. only created as a temporary expedient.

4 We agree with the view of the Commission that the organization of the
department should not exceed ithat required to secure systematic investigation,
and we are quite of opinion that the officers of. the department- should not be
employed in the actual working of mines. As regards.the alternative suggested
in clause (4) we have already intimated in our despatch No. 163, dated the loth
June 1890, that we do not think that any change in the method, of promotion
in the department is desirable and we are unable to accept, the view' of the Public
Service Commission that the graded system is unsuitable. In. the first place,
the officers ol, the department become continuously more useful,- at any, rate
for the earlier part of their employment, with each 4 ear of service; and, secondly
a s\ stem of grade promotion is, in our opinion, desirable to secure efficiency
of labour as well as of .qualifications ; for even an officer who is eminently
qualified for geological research will require some incentive to make a sufficiently
ii’dustrious use of liis' abilities, especially under circumstances in which (as is
often the case iri the prosecution of geological iavestigation) it is not easy to
detect perfunctory performance of work. A reduction in the number of grades
has, however, been made in the revised scheme now submitted.

The fin.'il suggestion of the Public Service Commission is in entire accord
with our views, and we therefore recommend the creation of two appointments
to be held by mining specialists. We propose that these posts should be filled
by selected candidates who have had a practical training in mining exploration,
and that they should be specially engaged for a limited term on a salary which
should not exceed Rs. 1,100 a month nor be less than Rs. 700 a month. We
have in a separalc despatch submitted the case of Dr. H.. Warth, and have
explained our reasons for proposing to appoint him as the first mining specialist.

We also recommend that a third special appointment, on similar conditions
regarding engagement and pay to those suggested for mining experts, should be
reserved for the Office of Paleontologist in lieu of the present .graded post on
the monthly pay of Rs. iioo rising to Rs J.ooo. Dr. Noetling, the present
holder of this appointment, has been chiefly engaged in examining the mineral oil
resources of Upper Burma and as the Director of the Geological Sur\’ey consi-
ders that he is better qualified for field investigation than as a Paleontologist, we
propose to transfer iiiin to the general cadre of the Department when that can
be done without involving any present or future loss of salary to Dr. Noetling,
and to cng,-igc a specialist for Palaeontological work. It will, ;we think, be an
administrative advantage to the Department to give some freedom of selection
to the Director by restricting the engagement of a Paleontologist to a limited
period.

5 » We take this opportunity of expressing our regret-that the proposals for
the lormation- of a cadre for all scientific appointments were not accepted by Your
or s ip, and to explain, with reference to the remark in paragraph -4 of your
* No. 48 (Staiisticsi.datti ,, ,g despatch* on the subject, tliat we had no

intention of interfering with the control

9

Q

-of tlie Local Governments. On the contrary the tendency of our recent admin-
istration has been to bring the explorations of geological officers, whose investi-
gations had hitherto been entirely independent of provincial authority, to a con-
•siderable extent under the direction of the Local Governments, with whom
the programme of annual operations is now as a rule discussed by the Director
of the Department. We are not sure whether our intention in proposing a gene-
. ral cadre was fully understood. Our main object w'as to jDrovide for investiga-
tion in all branches of scientific research without materially increasing the amount
expended in that direction. It is true that for the next few years a considerable
amount of exploration in connection with the mineral resources of the country
may be necessary but we cannot avoid the conclusion that expenditure on geolo-
gical research will, by the maintenance of a close department of geology, be
likely in the future to outweigh unduly that which will be devoted to other
branches of scientific investigation. As one step therefore in the direction of our
original proposals, we request that, if at any future time the services of a speci-
alist for other than geological or mineral exploration should be considered to be
requisite, wc may be permitted to mdent for one in place of one of the three
specialists now proposed. In order to provide for the greater portion of the
salaries of these specialists, we recommend the absorption of three* of the graded

•DcpuiySoperi„icndc«t..st£rnde. onRs,7oo appointments on the Geological cadre as '.
— so-x,ooo a month. also a reduction of the minimum pay of the

Sr*""'”"*' Superintendents from Rs. 800 to _ Ks. 700.

Assistant Superintendent on Rs. 350— 30— joo a We considcr, liowevcr, that the introduc-

tion of the new scale as shown in the en-
closed proposition statement should be deferred until such time as Mr. Middle-
miss, the officer who is now last on the list of Deputy Superintendents, and
grade, shall have received promotion in his proper turn to a Superintendentship,
in order to meet the claims of the officers in the and grade of Deputy Superin-
tendents, wlio have for some years past had reasonable expectations of pro-
motions under the existing grading. The extra cost thus involved will, it is
expected, be more than covered by savings in the salaries of Assistant Super-
intendentships on Rs. 350 — 30 — 500 a month. Four of these appointments are
now vacant, two having remained unfilled since the admission of the two Sub-
Assistants in order to provide for their pay but Jn view of the net saving of
Rs. 420 a month, or Rs. 1 20 a month if the personal allowance of the present
Director be excluded from the present sanctioned scale, w'hich will be effected
if the revised cadre now proposed is sanctioned, it will be sufficient to set their
combined salaries (each on Rs. 200 — 20 — 300 a month) against the pay of one
Assistant Superintendent, thus leaving three appointments available for fresh
recruits trom England. One will be filled by a successor to Mr. Lake, applied
lor in our telegram of the I2ih February last, and we consider that the remaining
two Assistant Superintendentships should be kept open for the next year or two
in order to allow sufficient time for the c.nreful selection of candidates ’ who have
had the special training which may after further consideration be required by the
Geological Department.

6. With reference to Your Lordship’s despatch No. 103, dated the 22nd
December 18S7, wo have cancelled the condition in the old rules under which an
outfit allowance of ^40 used to be granted to successful candidates in the Geolo-
gical Survey.

A revised schedule of conditions is for warded, based on the proposls made
in this despatch, and we trust that they will be approved by Your Lordship.

No. 2.

No. 6 (Sl.*iti ;• ■■), dated India Office, London, the sSth January 1892’.

From— The Rv =rr HoN’bl-E Viscount Cross, G.C.B., Her Majesty^s Secretary
of ^ '.u tor Indm, .

To — The Gov ;ii'. wnt-of India.

I JiAVli considcK .. in Council. your Excellency’s two letters, Nos. 2oi and
202 (Finance anti Con.;. .;rcc), dated 28th July 1891, 1 concerning the- rcorgani-

lO

zation of the Geological Survey Department, and the appointment of Dr. Warth
to that Department.

2 . Your Government concur for the most part in the recommendations of
the Public Service, Commission concerning the Geological Survey, and you pro-
pose—

(i) that three of the graded appointments in the department should be
abolished, namely, —

one Ceputjr Superintendent on Ps. 700 to Re. 1,000-;

I

one ditto ditto Rs. 500 to Re. 700;

one Acetstant Superintendent on Ra. 350 to Rt. 500 ;

(fl) that two new appointments on Rs. 700 to Rs. 1,100 be sanctfoned,
and that specialists in different branches of economic science should
be temporarily appointed to these posts, as necessity might arise ;

(3) that the salary of the Paleontologist should be advanced from a scale

of Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,000 to a scale of Rs. 700 rising to Rs. 1,100 ^

(4) that Dr. Warth, formerly of the Salt and Forest Departments, who

has recently been transferred to the Geological Department, should
be nominated to one of the new specialist appointments ;

(s) that the new scale of salaries should not be introduced until Mr.
Middlemiss. who was made a Deputy Supenntendent on Rs. 50&
to Rs. 700 in April 1889, reaches the grade of Superintendent on
Rs. 800 rising to Rs. 1,000.

inetttdin;; Dr.

3. It appears from the list of your Geological olTicers that the department at

present contains 16 officers* against a
sanctioned staff of 19 and a proposed staff
of 18 officers. Ills possible that the two
senior officers, who are both 57 years of
age, may soon be retiring ; but in ordinary
_ circumstances some years must elapse be-

iCTotai. fore Mr. Middlemiss reaches the rank of

• I Dircelor.

(a) 3 jenntendf nH.

5 De,iutr Supcrinlendeots,
tV.irlh

4 Ajsi.Unts, including Mr. Gdwards acd Mr.
Smiili.

I I'al.xtiittoloj'ist.

3 Sub Assistants.

(a) Wrff.— This counts Mr. Bruce Foote, whose Superintendent,
retiiement was expected in October 1891.

4. I concur generally in the views and recommedations of the ^ Public Ser-
vice Commission, as embodied in paragraph 103 of their report and in clauses 70
to 74 of their conclusions. And I fully agree in the view that, for special investi'
gations and scientific undertakings, it would be advantageous to secure the ser-
vices of specialists for limited periods. But before sanctioning the reorganization
which you propose, I wish to receive a more precise account of the number of
officers who will ordinarily be employed—

(fl) on the Geological Survey proper, , that is, on geological mapping,
palaeontology, and kindred work ;

(^) on mineral and other economic explorations.

In former years the majority of the Survey officers used to be emplojed on the
Geological Survey proper ; whereas Dr. King’s memorandum of the 21st February
shows that nearly the whole staff were then employed on mineral and economic
explorations. As has been pointed out in the present papers, young men
recruited from the School of Mines or South Kensington may and do make
good Geological Surveyors after some probationary training in India ; but such
recruits, unless they improve their knowledge by study when on furlough, may
not be efficient economic explorers.

II

'5. I shall be glad if you would consider how far it may be possible to
assign a proportion of office^rs for Geological Survey work proper, and a proportion
for economic explorations and inquiries. It would then be desirable to deter*
‘mine how far the two branches of the department should be kept separate, and
how far the economic branch should be manned by specialists engaged for
.limited periods. Such an arrangement would not debar your Government from
employing officers belonging to the Survey branch on economic work but it
would enable you to decide how many permanent officers would'be eventually
required for the Geological Survey proper.

6. Meanwhile the two vacancies in the Deputy Superintendent grade and
one in the Assistant Superintendent grade need not be filled. When the saving
so secured, added to the saving that will accrue on the next appointment to
*the Directorship, suffices to meet thecost of a specialist, you can apply for the
selection of such an officer, specifying particularly the branch of inquiry he is to
undertake, the salary and allowances he is to receive, and the period for

■ which his services will be required.

7. As at present advised, I am not prepared to sanction the increase o
the Palaeontologist’s salary from a scale of Rs. 500 rising to Rs. 1,000 to a
scale of Rs. 700 to Rs. 1,100. And, as Dr. Warth's experience does not
appear to have fitted him for.thc duty of a specialist in economic geology, I am
unwilling to approve his appointment to the office of specialist on Rs. 700 rising
-to Rs. .1,100. As I understand the matter, specialists, under the new
scheme, will be engaged for limited periods only, and their service will not ordi-
narily count for pension I shall not object, however, to your transferring
Dr, Warth to the Geological Survey as Deputy Superintendent on the same
salary that he enjo5’ed in the Forest Department.

No. 3.

No. 150 (Finance), dated aist June 1892.

From — The Government of India,

To— Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for India.

We have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of Your Lordship’s des-
patch No. 6 (Statistics), dated the 28th January >892, regarding the reorganiza-
tion of the Geological Survey Department, and in reply to communicate, for
Your Lordship’s consideration, the following remarks on the subject of the
proportion of officers to be ordinarily employed on scientific geological survey
proper, and on economic mineral exploration, respectively. We would first
•explain, with reference to paragraph 4 of our Lordship's despatch, that Dr.
King's memorandum of the 21st February 1891 was intended to describe not
■the actual mode in which the officers of the Survey had been' employed, but
the extent to which they were qualified for employment, if desired, on economic
explorations. As will be seen from the accompanying statement, only four out
of eleven officers upon the establishment during the year were actually en-
gaged on economic work.

2. The staff which we proposed to Your Lordship consists of a Director,
twelve graded officers, a palaeontologist and two specialists, and there is no
doubt that abundance of useful employment could be found for the whole of this
staff on scientific work. But inasmuch as, for financial reasons, we are unable
to propose any further addition to the staff above enumerated in order to meet
the demand fot economic exploration, we propose that the number of officers
to be continuously employed on scientific duties should be limited to the
palaeontologist and ten out of the twelve graded officers.

3, In this view two graded officers would as a rule be employed, in addition
to the two specialists, on economic and mineral explorations. But this arrange-
ment need not prevent the employment of a specialist on scientific work, just
as lor instance we h.ive lately employed Dr. Diencr, an Austrain Geologist,
on scientific exploration in the Central Himalayas. Simil.nrly^ the two graded
officers who are ordinarily to be employed on economic exploration will when at
liberty or when suitable occasion offers, be deputed to scientific work. The
effect of our proposals therefore is that at no time will less than ten graded officer.*)
be engaged on scientific work ; or, in other words, not more than one- third of tho

\

total executive staff, including two specialists, will be utilized od economic
and not less than two-thirds on scientific, exploration.

4. With reference to paragraph 7 of Your Lordship’s despatch under reply
we desire to explain that our intention with respect to the remuneration of specif
alistswas to grant, not a progressive pay rising from Rs. 700 to Rs. 1 100 a
month, but such^ pay as might be determined at the time of appointment,'’ which
should not he less than Rs. 700 or more than Rs. i, 100 a month. We proposed
accordingly to allow Dr. Warth a salary of not more than Rs. 800 a month
as stated in our despatch No. 202, dated the 28th July 1891, and this amount
he has now been permitted to draw,

5. We trust that, on consideration of the representations now submitted

Your Lordship will be pleased to sanction the arrangements proposed by us in
our despatch of July last.

No. 4.

No. 70 (Revenue), dated the 25th August 189a.

From— The Right Hon’dlc the Earl of Kimberley, K.G.. Her

Secretary of State for India, ' ' majesty s

To— The Government of India.

I have considered in Council Your Excellency’s letter No, 150, dated the
2 1 St June 1892, furnishing further explanation concerning the scheme for the
reorganization of the Geological Survey Department.

2. In a despatch of the 28th January my predecessor expressed his inability

to sanction the increase of the Palmontologist’s salary from a scale of Rs.

500 — 1,000 a month to a scale between Rs. 7 ooand I, too a month, and agreed

to your transferring Dr. Warth to the Geological Survey on the same salary that

he enjoyed in the Forest Department. Your remaining proposals, therefore

are— ’

*

(1) that there should be three Superintendents on Rs. 700 rising to Rs.

1,100 a month, instead of three Superintendents on Rs. 800 rising
to Rs. 1,100 a month;

(2) that the fallowing appointments in the Survey should be abolished

namely

(<i) one Deputy Superintendent on Rs. 700 rising, to Rs. 1,000 a
, month ;

(i) one Deputy Superintendent on Rs. 500 rising to Rs. 700 a month 5
(c) one Assistant Superintendent (out of six) on Rs. 350 rising to
Rs. 500 a month ;

(3) that Messrs. Oldham, Bose, LaTouche, and Middlemiss, in con-

sideration of their long service in the Department and of the hopes
of pt emotion hitherto before them should on gaining the position
of Superintendent be allowed to begin in that grade with a salary
of Rs. 800 a month instead of Rs. 700 a month as under the
new scheme';

(4) that two new officers on salaries not exceeding Rs. i,ioo a month, and

not less than Rs. 700 a month, should be sanctioned, and that
Specialists in different branches of economic science should be
temporarily appointed to these posts as necessity might arise.

The result of this 'reorganization will be that the Geological'Department will
consist of—

I Director.

3 Superintendents.

4 Deputy Superintendents.

5 Assistant Superintendents.

’ Palaeontologist.

a Specialists.

^ Sub-Assistants.

Total^ instead of ig officers as heretofore;

*3

and it is intended that out of the fifteen Executive Officers above the grade of
Sub-Assistant, at least eleven should usually be employed on survey ivork proper
or similar scientific duty ; while not more than four officers, including the two
Specialists, would ordinarily be employed on economic explorations and enquiries.

3. I sanction these proposals. But I request that no new Specialist may
be engaged until such time as the saving secured by reorganization, including
the reduction in the salary of the Director, suffices to -meet the cost of such
Specialist.^ \yhen you find it necessary to apply for the servicesof a Specialist,
your application should state precisely the branches of enquiry he is to under-
take, the salary and allowances he is to receive, and the period for which his
services would probably be required.

No. 5.

No. A.

Extract from the Proceedings of the Government of India in the Revenue and
Agricultural Department {Surveys), -^dated Calcutta, the 8th March iSpj,
Read the following despatches •

From Government of India, Financial Department, to Secretary of State, Nos.
201 and 202, dated 28th July 1891.

From Government of India, Revenue and Agricultural Department, to Secretary
- of State, No. 67 (Surveys), dated 8th September 1891.

From Secretary of Stale, No. 86 (Statistics) dated 17th December 1891.

From Secretary of State, No. 6 (Statistics), dated 28th January 189a.

From Government of India, Financial Department, to Secretary of State No.
ISO, dated aist June i8ga.

From Secretary of State, No. 70 (Revenue), dated astb August 1892.

RESOLUTION.

The papers read in the preamble have reference to the future organization
and recruitment of the Geological Survey of India. Changes in the scale of pay,
designations and other particulars having considerably modified the rules or
conditions of appointment to the Department originally published in 1867, a
revision of these rules was undertaken in 18S6. Meantime, however, the constitu-
tion of the Department came under examination by the Public Service Commis-
sion appointed in that year, and it was found advisable to postpone further con-
sideration of the subject until the recommendations of the Commission were
before Government. A final settlement of the questions to be dealt with has
been retarded by the discussion of proposals affecting scientific appointments
generally, but the questions which specially affect the Geological Department
have now been separately disposed of, and the rules as revised are appended to
this Resolution.

2. The recommendations of the Public Service Commission regarding the
Geological Survey of India, as recorded in Chapter X, paragraphs 70 to 74 of
their report, are transcribed below ; —

(i) Thnt candidates should continue to be obtained from England so long as Indi.an
schools do not provide adequate geologicsil and scientific education, but that
selection should be made irrespective of nationality,

(2) That .appointincnts as Sub-Assist.mts should be limited to the number required
to assist the upper grade, and that promotion to the upper grade abould be
oijcn to Sub* Assistants who prove their ability 'for independent work,

{3) Tliat the organization of the Departmeut should not exceed that required to
secure systematic investigation.

(4) That the graded system is unsuited to a Department which c.ills for the highest

efficiency in an equal degree throughout tlic whole term of employment.

(5) That the system of engaging specialists for n limited term of years is ndvant.v

gcous and should be continued.

*4

3. Subject to the exception and modifications explained in the succeeding
paragraphs, these recommendations have been accepted generally by the Govern-
ment of India and effect has been given to them in the revised organization.

4. In the Sub-Assistant class referred to in the second of the recommenda-
tions there are at present two appointments. 1 hese were created experimentally
in 1S73 with the object of affording natives of India educated in the country an
opening in the Department. His Excellency the Governor-General in Council is
anxious that natives of India, whether educated here or in England, should be
utilized in the Department, provided that they are_ found lo possess the qualifi-
•cations essential to independent and original work in the field of geological in-
vestigation. It has been found, however, owing to the difficulty which is ex-
perienced in obtaining Asiatics with pronounced talent for geological research
that the system of appointing natives as probationary Sub-Assistants is not likely
to be successful. It may, perhaps, be hoped that with an improved system,
of school education, in which habits of observation and practical enquiry will be
more developed than they now are,^ candidates will eventually bo forthcoming
upon whose powers of original investigation nnore dependence can be^placed than
is the case at present. In the meantime it is, undesirable to make any more
appointments to the class of Sub-Assistants, which was only created as a
tentative measure.

(

5. The Government of India have found themselves'unable to accept the view of
the Public Service Commission that the graded system is unsuitable to the Geo-
logical Survey Department. In the first place the officers of the Department
become continuously more useful, at any rate for the earlier part of their employ-
ment, with each year of service, and secondly, a system of grade promotion is
desirable to secure efficiency of labour as well as of qualifications ; for even an
officer who is eminently qualified for geological research will require some incen-
tive to make a sufficiently industrious use of his abilities, especially under circum-
stances in which (as is often the case in the prosecution of geological investiga-
tion) it is not easy to detect perfunctory performance of work. A reduction in
the number of grades has, however, been made .in the revised scheme.

6. With the suggestions of the Public Service Commission, that the organi-
Mtion_ of the Department should not exceed that required to secure systematic
investigation, and that the system of engaging specialists should be continued,
the views of the Government of India are in entire accord. 1 he necessity for
reserving a certain number of appointments, to be held for a limited term by per-
sons specially qualified for scientific or economic investigations in particular
branches of science, instead of creating new posts -whenever the need for such
investigation arises, has long been f^t' ;-and thc opportunity afforded by the pre-
sent re-organisation has been taken to give an extended, application to the
principle advocated by the Public Service Commission by providing two appoint-
ments of this class, which may, when necessary, be recruited from specialists in
other branches of science besides geology. These special appointments will be
made for such term as the Government of India may determine in each case, and
will not ordinarily be pensionable. They are made part of the cadre of the Geo-
logical Survey Department, first, because they will frequently be given for special
geological investigations, and secondly, because it is convenient that the holders
of such appointments should be subjected in respect of their movements, reports
and other proceedings to the control of some responsible head of department.

7. The future staff of the department, to which the sanction of Her Majesty’s
Secretary of State for India has been obtained, is contrasted below with that now
existing, and the new scheme will come into force from the ist of April 1893.

' Fulwe scale.

I Director Rs. 1,500.

3 Superintendents on Rs. 700 — 5 ° — x,ioo per
jneusem.

4 Deputy Superintendents on Rs. 300— 40— •
700 per mensem.

r resent scale.

' 1,500 and Perse

Allowance Rs. 300).

3 superintendents on Rs 800— SO— I,
per mensem. ^

^*Rs Superintendent

^ ""So 1,000 per mensem.

Present scnle

5 Deputy Superintendents on Rs. 500 —
40 — 700 per mcttsetn.

*6 Assistant Superintendents on Rs, 350 —
30 ~500 per mensem.

Future Scale.

fS Assistant Superintendents on Rs, 350— ^
30—500 per menseffli

r Pala?o, otologist on Rs. 500 — 40—700 and
then rising by annual increments of Rs. 50’
to, Rs. (,000 per mensem.

r Paljqantoiogist on Rs. 500 — 40 — 700 and a Specialists on any salary not exceeding Rs-.
then ’rising by increments of Rs. 50 I 00 and not less than Rs. 700^
to'Rs.*t,oroo per mensem.

a Sub-Assistants on Rs. «oo — 30 — 300 per
inenscm<'

•Two appsintmenta were resert ed to corer the cost o( existing tub-Assistants.

, tOnly one appolptmciit is now reserved to cover the cost of Sub-AssisUtnls. ~

\ 8. In order that there may be no interruption in the purely scientiBc geolo-

gical inquiry, the Governor-General in Council has resolved that not less than
eleven officers out of the total of, sixteen executive officers, shall, as a rule, bo
employed on such duties. Of the remaining five officers, one will be the Director
and one the Palmonrologist. The remaining three, two of them speciall't*!, will
be available for mineral and other econmic investigations, 'The staff assigned to
scientific geological research is smaller than the originally sanctioned scale of the
Geological Survey Department. But this scale has for some time not been
worked up to, and the holders of even those appointments which have been filled
have been largely employed on economic instead of purely scientific work. The
reductions and alterations now resolved on are fully justified both by financial
considerations and tlie undoubted necessity of expert advice and investigation for
the -development of the mineral and economic resources of the empire. Orders
for bringing t‘'e new scale into effect will be sparately communicated to the
Director, Geological Survey,

9. One important point, the infusion of a practical element in the train-
ing of candidates for the Geological -Survey Department, which did not come
under the notice of the Public Service Commission, has recently pressed itself
on the attention of the Government of India. Under the system hitherto adopted
for recruitment, the only qualification required from candidates has been a sound
geological education of an academic character. Practical training has not been
insisted on, but the necessity for combining scientific education with a practical
training in applied science, especially in mining, has been brought prominently
forward in connection with the development of the mineral resources of Burma,
Baluchistan and other parts of the Indian Umpire. After an examination of the
character of the education which the officers in the Department had received
and their qualifications for practical investigations, the Government of India find
that, with a few notable exceptions, the- appointments to the Dop-irtment iverc
filled until quite recenlly by officers who had not previously gone through a course
of practical training, and that the talent for practical exploration, though in
some instances of a remarkable character, has had generally to be developed by
what has virtually amounted to an apprenticeship during the later years of service
in India. The new rules accordingly provide that candidatc.s must undergo one
or two years' training in mines, or technical l.iboratories, as may be required by
the Government of India.

Appendix.

Revised Conditions for Indian Geological Survey Appointments,

The Geological Survey Department is constituted as follows : —

I Director ... >• •••

3 Superintendents •••

4 Deputy Superintendents ...

5 Assistndt Superintendents ...

I Pala!ontaIO{;ist •«.

3 Specialists •••

a*» •••

•••

Suloryt

Es- Rs. Rs,

»• 1.500

... 7 C 0 rising by so to i,too
... Son I. 40 n yoo

350 „ 30 „ soe

" 7 *>, and

thfin to Rs i|OOo bt Incrss
meats of Rs. 50,

... Specially engaged for stioit
terms on' such pay ns may ^
agreed upon, not exceeding
Rs. 1 loa per mpnseni.

The rates of pay for natives of India appointed to any of the above posts
will be two-thirds of the full scale of pay.

3. Appointments to the department are made, as occasion requires, by the
Secretary of State for India. Every candidate for such an appointment must
be in sound bodily health, and will be required to satisfy the Medical Board at
the India Office of his physical fitness in all respects to perform' the duties of a
Surveyor, which involve considerable fatigue and exposure. His age should not
exceed 35.

3. Besides a good general education, a sound education in geology is
essential ; a university degree and a knowledge of French or German will be re-
garded as important qualifications ; and certificates of a high moral character
will be required

4. Candidates must also have had one or two _ years' practical training in
mines, or in technical laboratories, as may be required by the Government of
India.

5. First appointments are probationary for two years, at the end of which
time the probationer, if found qualified, and- continued in the department, will
reckon his service for leave and pension from the date of original appointment

6 . Pay commences from date of joining appointment in India. Travelling
allowances, regulated by the rules applicable to the department, are allowed at a
rate calculated to cover actual expenses of tentage and locomotion.

The officer holding the appointment of Museum-Curator receives special
Presidency house-rent allowance of Rs, 150 per mensem.

A first-class passage to India wnll be given.

7. Under ordinary circumstances, all Assistants, unless they have special
claims from previous training and experience elsewhere, will enter the Depart-
ment, in the lowest class, on a salary of Rs. 350 per month. This will increase
annually at the rate of Rs. 30 per month ; the first increase to be from the date
on which the Assistant be declared to have passed the ordinary examination in
the language of the country by the first or lower standard, according to the
general rules provided for such examinations.

8. This annual increase will, in all'cases, be granted only on the certificate
of theHeadof the Department, that the Assistants so recommended have proved
fully deserving of the promotion by the intelligence and zeal with which their
duties have been performed.

9 - said increase of salary, at the rate of Rs. 30 per month annually,
limit of pay for the lower grade, namely, Rs. 500 per

month, be attained.

*7

10. Promotion to the higher grades will then depend on the qualification
and merit of the several officers, and on the existence of a vacancy in the
number of those holding these appointments. Butin the event of no vacancy
occurring, the candidate’s claim to the same regulated increase of pay will con-
tinue (subject to certificate of qualification and good conduct), so that the rate
of pay to which he will be entitled when promoted on the subsequent occur-
rence of a vacancy, will be' regulated by his length of service.

(For instance, a qualified Assistant , having, by good service, attained to
the highest pay of the Assistant grade, namely, Rs. 500 per month, may be
prevented from rising to the grade of Deputy Superintendents by the 'fact of
there being no vacancy, although he may be in every way qualified ; ‘and this
vacancy may be delayed for, say, three years. * In the event of his promotion
after this time, he will be entitled to his former pay, plus the sanctioned increase
of Rs, 40 per month for three years, or plus Rs. 120, and will at once receive
Rs. 620 per month. No substantive or acting promotion to a higher grade will,
however, be allowed to an Assistant Superintendent until he is in receipt of his
maximum pay.)

11. While local experience and training must always hold a very prominent
place in estimating the position or the promotion of Assistants, it must be
distinctly understood that mere seniority of service, unaccompanied by proved
ability and steady devotion to duty, gives no claim to promotion.into the higher
grades of the staff of the' Survey.

12. The leave, leave allowances and pensions of officers of the Department
will be governed by the provisions of the Civil Service Regulations applicable
thereto. These regulations a'‘e liable to be modified by the Government of
India from time to time.

13. The foregoing rules do not apply to the two special appointments,
except in so far as they may be made applicable in each case by the Government
of India or Her Majesty’s Secretary of Stale for India.

14. The changes made by the present rules in the rules previously in force
will not affect existing incumbents

No. 6.

No. 56-Revcnue, dated thc,',tl) May 1893.

From— The Earl OF Kimberley, K.G., Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for
India,

To— His Excellency the Most Honourable the Governor General of India.

I have considered in Council the Resolution, with *' Revised Conditions '* of
service, issued by Your Excellency’s Government on the 8th March 1893,
regarding the re-organization and reerhitment of the Geological' Survey Depart-
ment. These papers were received with your Under-Secretary’s letter dated
the 15th March, stating that the Resolution gave effect to the scheme sanc-
tioned in my Despatch dated the 25th August 1892.

2. There are two points in the “ Revised Conditions,” as published with
your Resolution, in which they differ considerably from the draft ” Revised
Conditions ” annexed to your letter 'No. 201, dated the 28th July 1891.

Clause (i) applies the two-thirds pay rule to Natives of India, but the
policy of recent decisions has been that, in accordance with the recommendations
of the Public Service Commission, pay shall be granted, on independent grounds,
without reference to race. In accordance with this principle the last sentence of
clause (i) should be cancelled. And with reference to the correspondence ending
with Viscount Cross’s Despatch, No. 82, dated the 29th'November 1888, I
sanction the grant to Mr. P. N. Datta of the full pay of his office, with effect from
the date of the receipt of this Despatch.

3. The latter part of claure (10) of the ” Revised Conditions” introduces
a new rule, wheicby an officer on promotion to a hTgher grade may draw a salary
above the minimum of the grade. No such provision appears in the ” Revised

oSio?' thaftliffpErt orcTause be cancelled. And I should be glad,

to know why such a departure from the ordinary rules and Eroin the 'Condi.

tions/’ as previously framed, was published without my sanction:.

No. 7 .

Revised Conditions for hidian Geological. Survey Appointments, iSgf.

The .Geological Survey department

I Director ... •••

S Superintendents ... •••

4 Deputy Superiiendents ... ...

5 Assistant Superintendents •••

I Painontologist « ... •••

a Specialists ... ... ■**

is constituted as follows : —

MonlhI\ Salary.

Rs. Rs. Rst

I.Soo

... 700 rising by 50 to 1,100

... S®® » 40 ft yoo

... 3SO I, 30 500

... 500 „ 40 „ 700 and obento

Rs. 1,000 by increments of Ks. 5or

... . Specially engaged for short
‘ terms on such pay as may
^be agreed- upon, not ex-
ceeding R's. 1,100 per men-
sem.

2. Appointments to the department are made, as occasion requires, by the*
Secretary of State for India. Every canthdate for such ‘ an appointment must
be in sound bodily health, and .will be required to- satisfy -the Medical Board at
the India Office of his physical fitness in all respects to perform- the duties of a.
Surveyor, which involve considerable fatigue and--exposure. His age ishpuld not
exceed 25.

3. Besides a good general education, sound education 'n geology i§^
essential, a university degree and a -knowledge of French or German will be
regarded as important qualifications ; and certificates of a high moral character
will be required.

4. Candidates must also have had one or two years’ practical training in-
mines or In technical laboratories, as may be requiied by the Government of
India.

5. First appointments are probationary for two years, at the end of which'
time the probationer, if found qualified and continued in ihe department, will
reckon his service for leave and pension from the date of original appointment.

6. Pay commences from date-of joining appointment -in India. Travelling-
allowances regulated by the rules, applicableito the department, are allowed at at
rate calculated to cover actual expenses ,of 'tentage and.locomotion.

The officer holding the appointment of Museum-Curator receives special.
Presidency house rent allowance -of Rs- 150 per mensem.

A first-class passage to India will be given.

7. Under ordinary circumstances, all Assistants, unless they have special
claims from previous training and experience elsewhere, will enter the Depart-
ment, in the lowest class, on a salary of Rs. 350 per month. This will incr^se-
annually at the rate of Rs. 30 per month ; the first increase to be frona the date-
on which the Assistant be declared to have passed the ordinary examination im
the language of the country by the first or lower standard, according to the
general rules provided for such examinations.

8. This annual increase w'ill, in all cases, be granted on the' certificate of
< u Department, that tHe.Assistants so recornmended have provedi

- Jully deserving of the promotion by the intelligence and- zeal with which- their
■ duties have been performed, . -

*9

9 * The said increase' of salary; at the rate of Rs. 30 per month annually,
will proceed until the limit'of pay for the lower grade, namely, Rs. 500 per
month, be attained.

10. Promotion to the higher grades will depend on qualification and merit
‘ahd on the existence of vacancies in those grades. In the case of an officer
who joined the Department before the end of .1893, but not in the case of one
who joined later, the following rule will apply, viz-, that he may, ^ if specially
qualified, count all service on the maximum pay of a grade towards incretrient in
.the salary of the next higher grade.

' • 1 1'. While local experience and training must always hold a very prominent

place in estimating the position or the promotion of Assistants, it must be dis-
tinctly understood that mere seniority of service, unaccompanied by proved
ability and steady devotion to duty, gives no claim to promotion into the higher
grades of the staff of the Survey.

r2. The leave, leave allowances and pensions of officer of the Department
will be governed by the provisions of the Civil Service Regulations applicable
thereto. These regulations are liable ,to be modified by the Government of India
from lime to time.

13. The foregoing rules do not apply to the two special appointments,
except in so far as they may be made applicable in each case by the Government
of India or Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for India.

14. The changes made by the present rules in the rules previously in force
will not affect existing incumbents.

■ ■ i

No. 8.

No. 176 (Finance), dated 6th June j^oi.

From — ^The Government of India, ,

To — His Majesty’s Secretary of State for India.

We have the honour to address Your Lordship on the subject of the pay of
the Director of the Geological Survey of India.

2. In His Lordship’s Despatch No. 71, dated the 31st March 1866, Earl
deGrey and Ripon, while sanctioning the grant to Dr. Oldham of . a pay of Rs.
1 ,500 — 50 — 2,000, remarked that he saw no reason why the permanent salary
of the appointment of Superintendent (now Director) of the Geological Survey
Department should exceed Rs. i ,500 a month. This, therefore, has been since
considered to be the sanctioned pay of the post. In 1876, however, when Mr.
Medlicott succeeded Dr. Oldham the Marquis of Salisbury conveyed sanction
in Despatch No, 27 (Geographical), dated the 6th July, to the recommendation
of the Government of India lliat h»s pay should, as a special case, be Rs. 1,800 a
month, but His Lordship directed that the next incumbent of the office should
revert to the regular emoluments of the post. Mr. Medlicott retired in 1S87,
and was succeeded by Dr. King. In accordance w’ith the instructions conveyed
in His Lordship’s Despatch above referred to Dr. King on his appointment drew
Rs. 1,500 a month. It was, however, represented in our Financial Despatch
No. 318, of 29th November 1887, and again in our Financial Despatch No. 257,^
of 23rd October 1888, that the Director of this important scientfic department,
who was necessarily required to reside in a presidency town, would be underpaid
at Rs. t,5oo; that this pay had been merely a theoretical one for twenty ye.irs
past, and to a European officer was worth much less than when it was fixed in
1866. We, accordingly, recommended that the ordinary pay of the Director
might be fixed at .Rs. 1,500 — 60— -1,800 and that Dr. King should, as a special
case, receive from the date of his appointment a salary of Rs. 1,800. Lord
Cross in " his replies, dated 1 5th March and 29th November 18S8, respectively,
desired that the question might -be postponed until a final decision on the
reorganisation of the department in connection with the recommendations of
the Public Service Commission, had been arrived at. In our Despatch .No.
163, of loth June 1890, we informed His Lordship that we had, after careful

consideralior, come to the conclusion that the recommendations of- the Com-
mission did not require us to make any change in the constitution of the de?
partment. We further informed His Lordship that, though^ the proposals for
the incorporation of the department in a scientific cadre which were submitted
in our Despatch No. i (General) of ist April 1890, might eventually 'affect
the salary of the Director, we had _ decided to withdraw for the present our
proposal to raise the pay of the appointment and to limit our recommendations
to the. grant of a personal'allowance to Dr. King. His Lordship accordingly
in his Despatch No. 66 (Statistics) of 24th July 1890, sanctioned a personal
allowance of Rs. 300 in favour of Dr. King and further, in consideration of the
delay that had occurred in the settlement of the question, authorised Dr. King’s
receiving a gratuity of Rs. 3,600 as an exceptional measure.

The proposal to form a separate scientific cadre was negatived by Lord
Cross in his Despatch No. 48, dated the 12th June 1890, and the question of
the emoluments of the Director of ■ the Geological Survey has since remained
in abeyance. Mr. Griesbach, who succeeded Dr. King in 1894, has- from the
date of his appointment drawn pay at the rate of Rs. 1,500 a month.

3. Mr. Griesbach has now again brought the question to our notice in a-
letter, a copy of which is enclosed for Yout* Lordship’s information, in which
he represents that the pay of the appointment is insufficient and further that
it is less than he was led to expect would be the' case when he- joined the
department in 1 878. He accordingly asks that he may be granted a personal
allowance as was done in the case of his predecessor, Dr. King.

4. We are unable to admit the validity of Mr. Griesbach’s second conten-
tion, inasmuch as the statement of the conditions of appointment to which he
refers expressly reserved the right to make alterations or reductions in the scale
of the pay of the appointments in the Department. But after again giving the
matter our careful consideration we are constrained to adhere to the view
expressed in our Financial Despatch No. 318, of 29th November 1SS7, that-the
present sanctioned pay of the appointment is insufficient. "The grounds on
which we based our recommendations in 1887 apply with no less cogency at the
present time, while there is now the further argument that the development of
the mining industry in various parts of India has added considerably to the-duties
and importance of the appointment. _We desire further to point out that the
salary of the heads of the Meteorological and Civil Veterinary Departments,
respectively, has been fixed at Rs. 1,800, and w’e do not consider that' the maxi*
mum salary obtainable by the Director of the Geological Survey, who must
necessarily be an officer of considerable scientific attainments, and who is the
head of a department of at least equal importance, should be fixed on a less
liberal scale. On these grounds we would recommend that the pay of the
Director of the Geological Survey should for the future be fixed at Rs. 1,500-—
60—1,800.

5. We would further recommend that as Mr. Griesbach has already held

the appointment for close on seven years and will retire under the 55 years’ age
limit in December 1902, he ^should be permitted to draw the maximum of
Rs, i,8oo at once, ' >

No. 9. .

No. 286. (Finance), dated 4th August 1904.

- From— The Government of India,

To— His Majesty’s Secretary of State for India. .»

W? have the honour to forward, for your information, a copy of a .letter
No.son.dateas.aDec.»te.o., from the Dircctor of the Geological Sur-

, , ® *• vey of India regarding the present system.

officers for his Department. Paragraphs i and 2 of the letter •
retiSmlnf a candidate to fill .a vacancy caused by the

Mt. p, N, jBose^ Deputy Superintendent, h^ve been disposed o{ m

St

tlie covresjiondeftCe ending with 3’Ouf‘ despatch No. 92 -Rev., dated the ■24th
June 1904. In the subsequent paragraphs of his letter the Director discusses
the- system of recruitment hitherto maintained and makes proposal for removing
the - disadvantages which have been felt in its working. ,

2 '. The revised conditions for appointments to our Geological Survey were
-forwarded to the India Office with our Revenue Department’s letter No.- 104,
dated the 10th July 1894. The second paragraph lays down that appointments
to the Department will be .made as occasion requires. • The-procedure hitherto
adopted has been that as each vacancy has actually occurred, we have asked - the
Secretary of State to select and send out to India, a suitable candidate. No
attempt has been made to forecast or anticipate probable or even certain vacan-
cies, or to secure' suitable candidates beforehand. No previous intimation has
been given -in England when an aj^pointment was likely to fail vacant ; geologists
who, at the close of their training at the University or School of Mines might
have been available for appointment in our Geological Department have been
compelled to seek employment elsewhere as they could not afford to wait for
the chance of a vacancy- ; and it has followed in consequence that when a
vacancy - did occur and the Secretary of State was asked to select a- candidate,
the .held of choice has been restricted to trained men who happened to be
actually without employment at the moment. Experience has also shown that
our Geological Survey Department is, even when it is at full strength, small in
.comparison with the work which has to be accomplished and with the constantly
increasing demand for expert opinion, due to the development of the minerm
resources of the country, which it has to meet, and it has been found necessary,
on more than one occasion to postpone a geological investigation urgently
required for administrative purposes, because no officer was available to carry it
out. These difficulties are accentuated when the Department is compelled to
remain shorthar.ded, often for considerable periods, while a candidate is being
selected and sent out to fill up a vacancy. Our present procedure therefore
involves two great disadvantages —

(1) the restriction of the field of selection has lowered the standard of the

attainments of the men selected 5 and

(2) the department has remained from time to time seriously under-

manned. , ’ '

We propose therefore to attempt in future to forecast our probable require-
ments for two years ahead, and to announce two years in advance that, a speci-
fied number of candidates will be appointed in a specified year. It is desirable
to give two years’ notice because we understand that it is necessary for a student
at the School of Mines to decide at the end of his first year which special branch
of study he will devote himself to during the following two years of his course.

3. It will be seen from the accompanying letter that the Director proposes
that we should pledge ourselves -to an appointment two years in advance, when-
ever at the time of the announcement, the department was not above the sanc-
tioned strength. He points out that during the past ten years there haye been
altogether thirteen casualties in the Geological Department, of which five were
due to death, or retirement on account of ill health, three to resignation, and five
to retirement on pension ; so that, judging from past e^yierience, the occurrence of
one casualty a year seems probable j and he has since informed us that in all
probability one officer will shortly retire and two apply for furlough. In dealing
with such a small cadre as that of the Geological Survey Department, it is
never quite safe_ to -reckon upon the continuance in the future of past rates of
retirement. But it must be borne in mind, in estimating future probabilities,
that the officers of the Department. can retire on a substantial 'pension after 20
years' service and that their professional attainments, added' to their Indian
experience, will almost always secure them employment elsewhere. ' In any case
the proposal could never result in the staff of tne Department being more than
two over strength ; and even if this were occasionally to be the case for a short
time, we consider that the advantages to .be gained in securing a larger field for
the selection of candidates and in obviating the necessity of having to work
shorthanded, would outweigh any disadvantages or increased cost tliat might

result from a temporary over recruitment Moveover, the present cadre contains
no leave reserve, and any excess that might occur would be little more than
sufficient to provide for leave requirements. We therefore recommend the pro-
posal for your approval. ^ .

4. There are now three vacancies in the Department. In reply to our
Despatch No. s dated 21st January 1904, you have intimated the selection of a
candidate to fill up one of them. Of the remaining two vacancies one is caused
by the retirement of Mr. Oldham in May last, and it will be necessary to replace
him by a candidate possessing a satisfactory general scientific educution and
training in Geology. The third vacancy is due to the discharge in October last
of Dr." Noetling who occupied the position of Palaeontologist to the survey.
Under the conditions for the Indian Geological Survey to which reference has*
already been made, the post of Palaeontologist is separately graded, the imcumbent
beginning on a pay Rs. 500 a month and rising pan passu with the junior officer
in the class of Deputy Superintendent to Rs. 1,000 which was formerly the
maximum pay of the Superintendent class. After careful consideration we have
decided that this arrangement, which has been found in practice to be incon-
venient, should be abolished. It is necessary, however , that provision should
be made for carrying on palaeontological work in connection with the survey, and
we propose to incorporate the post of I^alaeontologist in the cadre of the Depart-
.ment by the addition of one appointment in the grade of Deputy Superintendent
on Rs. 500—40 — 700. The work, which is concerned with the authoritative
identification of the specimens collected by the officers in the field, is carried out
at head-quarters, and under the proposed arrangement it will be entrusted to the
officer in the Department best qualified for it. We propose that the officer who,
for the time being, does the palaeontological work should draw a local allowance
of Rs. 150 a month, which is, we consider, necessary to compensate him both
for the expensiveness of living in Calcutta and for the unattractiveness of the
work in comparison with employment in the general line. In order that the
Department may have at its disposal an officer qualified to undertake the work
we would ask that one of the candidates non to be selected may, if possible,’
have special palaeontological qualifications.

5. The proposed cadre of the Department and its cost are comparted with
the existing cadre and cost in the proposition statement which is enclosed. It
will be seen that there will be a very slight increase in the average expenditure.

6 . To sum up, the proposals to which we ask your sanction are—

(i) that the special post of Paleontologist in the Geological Survey
Department should be abolished and* that provision should be made
for palaeontological work by the addition of one appointment in the
grade of Deputy Superintendent to the existing cadre of the
department j

(ii) that a local allowance of Rs. 150 a month should be given to the
officer of the Department actually doing the, work of palaeontolo-
gist at headquarters ; '

(iii) that two candidates (in addition to the one whose selection is in-

' tiinated in your Despatch No. 92-Rev., dated 24th June last,)

should be selected to fill existing vacancies of whom one should, if
possible, possess palasontological qualifications ; and

(iv) that, if the policy explained in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this despatch

meets with your approval, it ^may be publicly announced that
at least one appointment will be made in August 1905 end
another in August 1906.

Should Our anticipations prove incorrect, and no new' vacancy occur during"
^e next year, no announcement will be made for August so that the

Department will in no case be more tlian two over strength, and this ei^cess will
do no more than provide for leave vacancies.

No. 10.

No.’ 99 (Finance), dated 22nd March 1906.

From~The Government of India,

• ^lajesty’s Secretary of State for India.

ofthrCeolJlictfsSrTe^^ the reorganisation

S 3

•' 2. It, will be observed, from, the correspondence annexed to this despatch,
.that, we have .received '..proposals from, the . Director, involving a material
increase in the pay of the various grades, and a considerable addition to the
strength of the existing establishmentk .After ’ a full consideration of the case
as .presented' , by the Direptor, .we a^e satisfied .that the rates of pay at’ present
sanctioned. are. insufficient to 'attract the class of officers w’hich we desire to
secure. It is becoming; increasingly' difficult' to enlist candidates possessing a
\echriical training ; and on several occasions recently officers have been
recruited who have obtained, a sound general education, but who have not
received a special preparation for geological work. These officers have to be
'^tfained after their appointment to the Department : a process which not only
fesiilfs'in' a considerable loss of power, but is also open to objection inasmuch as
there .is no. guarantee, aV tlie'time of their appointment, that the candidate^
selected ' will' . develop the qualities and acquire the specialised knowledge
which' are essential to the satisfactory conduct 'of the, work of the Department.
Mr' Holland has'also shown that the present rates of pay are not liberal enough
to retain officers after- they have acquired sufficient experience to qualify them
as mining aiid geological experts ; and it appears certain that, unless their emolu*
mehts are increased, we shall lose the 'services of trained experts whose assis-
tance would be of special'yalue to' us at present in view of the rapid develop-
.ment of the mining industry in India.

3. Owing to. the expansion of mining enterprise in America, South
Africa, Australia, and other countries, there is at present a large and growing
demand for mining and geological experts. Men possessing a sound scientific
.education, and with practical experience of mining and geological work, com-
mand very high salaries. We are of opinion that, if the mineral resources of
India are to be exploited successfully, this fact must be recognised, and the
.members of the Geological Survey Department must be offered salaries bearing
a reasonable relation, to the emoluments which they could obtain in the open
market.. For reasons wliich have been .explained by Mr. Holland, it is un-
necessary, however, to fi,x the scale of pay at the rate which the officers of the
.Department could command in private employ 5 and we have kept this fact in
.vie’jv, \vhcn formulating our detailed proposals for the alteration of the present
rates.

,4, The arguments in favour of the suggestion to increase the strength
of the Department have been fully explained by the Director. The rapid e,x-
pansion of the economic side of the work is a new feature; and we regard it as
vitally important that all possible facilities should be given to assist the
.development, upon a sound basis, of the mining industry in India It is, we
• think, .clear . that . the Geological Survey Department cannot, so long 'as it
remains at its present strength, undertake, 4 he .scientific work .for the per-
formance of which it was primarily constituted, and at the same time devote
that amount of attention which the interests of India now demand to purely
^po.nomic en.quiries. The Royal Society, and the Bpard of Scicnufic Advico,
necessity for the rapid completion of the geologicxil survey of
India, and we‘ fully recognise Uie immediate scientifu; and the ultmintc pracriral
advantages of this^work; but we agree with the view expressed by the IJo.nrd
that satisfactory progress in this direction cannot be made until the Geological
Survey Departmenf is materially strengthened. . - .

§; reasons, and in view of the facts adduced by Mr. Holland, we

are of opimon that an increase in tlie 'ratc'.s.of pay, and an' addition to the staff
ottheDepartment, are necessary... In deciding as to. the scale of salaries, we
lave been guided by the rates at present in force in Educational, Agricultuntl and
I etennary Departments ; and du'r propo.sals as to the pay to be granted to tbe
Director have been made after consideration of the salaries fi.ved for the Chief
nspector of Mines, the Inspector General of the Forest Service, the Surveyor
encral, and the heads of the Agricultural and Vcicrimiry DviJartmcfits.

j . specific recommendations which wo have, alter maturr? consideration,

decided to make, arp as follow.s;— . ’

(0 That the short term appointments as mining specialists be alolishod
• and that, jn their place, two appointments be adtfed to the graded

24

(ii) That three new appointments be added to the cadre to increase the

strength of the Department, and to provide a reserve for leave
vacancies.

(iii) That .'»n ungraded post, to be held by a trained chemist, be created,

carrying a salary of Rs. 500 per mensem, rising to Rs. 1,000 by
annual increments of Rs. 50. Past experience has shown'that the
sdlary proposed by the Director does not attract suitable candidates
for this appointment.

(iv) That the distinction between Deputy Superintendents and Assistant

Superintendents be abolished, and that all graded officers below
the rank of Superintendent be styled _ Assistant Superintendents
and receive a monthly pay of Rs. 350 rising to Rs. 1,000 by annual*
increments of Rs 30 during the first five years, and of Rs. 50

' ' thereafter. The Assistant Superintendent employed as palseonto-
logist should obtain, as at present, a monthly allowance of Rs 150.

(v) That the scale of pay for Superintendents be fixed at Rs. 1,000 per

mensem rising to Rs. 1,400 by annual Increments of Rs. 80. The '
conveyance allowances of Rs. 60 each per mensem authorised for
two Superintendents should be continued.

(vi) That the pay of the Director be raised to _Rs. 2,000— ico 2,500,

and that Mr. Holland, the present Director, be permitted to *dra\v
at once the maximum pay of the appointment, with exchange com-
pensation allowance.

7. We desire to press strongly the recommendation that Mr. Holland should
be allowed to draw the maximum salary now suggested for the Director. His
ability, energy, scientific reputation, and business capacity are such that he could

. readily obtain a much higher rate of remuneration than we propose to fix as the
maximum salary of the appointment ; and we have reason to believe that he may
find it necessary to sever his connection with the Department unless the addition
which we propose to his pay is sanctioned. His zealous supervision of the opera-
tions of the Department and the profound interest which he has shown in the
industrial development of the country have already borne much fruit, and it would
be disastrous to lose his services at the present juncture. We trust that, in the
circumstances, sanction may be accorded to the arrangement which we propose,
in regard to him, , , '

8. We do not consider tha*^ exchange compensation allowance should be
granted to future entrants into the Department in addition to the rates of pay
now suggested. As regards present incumbents we propose that the allowance
should be absorbed as soon as an officer begins to draw, on the new scale, higher
emoluments than he would have obtained on the old scale, including exchange
compensation allowance. As already stated, we recommend that Mr. Holland
should be permitted to continue to draw the allowance, unconditionally.

9. The financial effect of our proposals is exhibited in the proposition stat-
ment appended to this despatch. They involve an additional expenditure of
Rs. 4,942 12-10 a month, or Rs. 59,3i3*io-o a year.

to We would request that, if our proposals are approved, steps may be
taken to select candidates for the four new appointments which will be created. ^
Of the two appointments intended to replace those of mining specialist, one will
probably be offered to Mr. Maclaren. Mr. Simpson, the second mining specialist,
has with your concurrence accepted the appointment of Inspector of Mines and
will leave the Geological Survey Department in May next. W’e tvould, therefore,
ask that arrangements may also be made to fill that vacancy.

No. 344-C., dated Simla, the 5th June 1905.

From— T. H. Holland, Esq., F.R.S., Director, Geological Survey ol India,

To— The Secretary to the Government of India. •

I have the honour to invite your attention to the fact that the period of agree-
ment under which Mr. R. R. Simpson, Coal-Mining Specialist in this Depart-
ment is now serving will close on the 12th November 1906, and that Mr. J. M.
Maclaren b term of agreement will end on the 28th October 1907.

23

2. 1 understand that neither of those tWo gentlemen would be willing either
to reiiew their agreements on the maximum terms sanctioned for these appoint-
ments or, with the present prospects of pay and promotion to accept appoirUments
in the graded list of the department at positions corresponding to their
of service. Since the first appointment was made in 1894 to the post of
Specialist to the Department, we have not been able_ to regard one of the holders, ^
until the present incumbents were appointed, as having earned his pay or to have
been as satisfactory in any respect as the average’officer recruited at a lower ini-
tial pay for the graded service. To those who know the usual incomes secured
by men capable of offering expert advice in questions of mineral developments, it
is not surprising that only a very young and untried, or an incompetent, man
could afford to accept a pay of Rs. 900 a month for a short engagement. In any
case, by the time at which he has learnt sufficient of Indian mineralogy, has suffi-
ciently appreciated the peculiarity of local conditims; and, what is rnore serious,
has discovered his own value in the market, he leaves with an experience and an
increased knowledge at a time when .his services could be most profitably turned
to account for India.

3. Experience has shown that our Mining Specialists have been, on., tho
whole, of less value than the average graded officers whom they replace ; they
have differed from the rest, not in their special capability for dealing with practi-
cal questions, but in their deficiency of scientific knowledge, and most conspicu-
ously in' their want of an abiding interest in the country. I would strongly urge,
therefore, the replacement of these posts by corresponding additions to the graded
list, on which it is possible to maintain a proportion of officers with special qualifi-
cations in economic mineralogy, not necessarily with qualifications for mine-
management, which is a special branch of Civil Engineering, often, if not gener-
ally, held'withno more knowledge of miner.«logy than .in empirical acquaintance
with the mineral which happens to be the object of the particular mine being
managed. The otficer we want for economic work should be first of all a minera-
logist, throughly trained in the scientific foundations of his subject, and thus
ready to specialize, either in its purely theoretical or its practical branches : our
Work, being purely advisory, never includes actual mining, and we consequently
require no Mining Specialist. The mere fact that no special official designations
are given to officers according to their work appears to be unimportant. All offi-
cers, whether specially qualified for economic mineralogy, stratigraphical geology
or palaeontology, must be qualified also for general field work,, and should not be
distinguished by professional titles in the graded list, although naturally in the
distribution of work each year an officer’s specialization would be taken into
account.

4. The reluctance shown by the present two Mining Specialists to accept
appointments in the graded list demonstrates the insufficiency of the present
average prospects in the Department to attract the class of expert whose enter-
tainment would be regarded by a company, holding similar mineral rights, to be
a profitable investment. A junior amongst scientific experts would accept the
pay offered for the posts reserved for our Mining Specialists, on account of the
value of the experience gained ; but no one, with even moderate qualifications,
would renew his agreement even for the certainty of ultimately obtaining the pre-
sent maximum pay of the Department. The case of the graded officers is diffe-
rent ; they are recruited at a still younger age, when they know less of their
potential value and in nearly all cases they ' are students who look forward to
opportunities for scientific research, which has secured honours in the
scientific world for past members of the Department. If the Government could
afford to maintain a clafes of mere students in science, I would not ask for a
revision of the present rales of remuneration. But our officers are expected to
direct their energies by the shortest route, possible to investigations of probable
economic value to the country, and consequently seldom other than of local
interest. They have' been nevertheless retained for long services, some because
they have become absorbed in various interests, losing the ambitions which
originally brought thepa to the country ; some because of a conservative disposi-
tion to follow mechanically the routine of a regular service, and others— a small
minority—because of their possessing energy and ability sufficient to demon-
strate in their purely official duties results of general scientific interest. Whilst it

36

may be comparatively harmless in functions of a purely .mechanical and routine
nature to retain officials with no ambition, it is a serious loss to engage officers
devoid of initiative where their e^act functions cannot be precisely defined, or
where"^ standard -of quality is not determinable : in .scientific work, with the
economic probabilities of a mineral-bearing country like India, it pays to obtain
the best-officers that can be secured, and to offer prospects worth ,tho ahns of
the most ambitious of scientific men.

5. There is no doubt, I think, that the majority of our officers would not
accept service under present conditions In India if they fully appreciated
beforehand the limitaljons of their prospects when compared with those of
other professional services requiring minimum qualifications equivalent to a first
class University degree.

' 6. There is no doubt that if our officers were permitted to accept private
•practice, asdn the case of the Indian ’ Medical Service,-their salaries would form
but a small fraction of their income. ' In one case, an officer recently accepted
his pension at a time when it was^ definitely decided that his professional
.qualifications were insufficient to permit of his promotion beyond a grade limited
to a maximum of Rs. 700, and he is ' now making an income- from private
practice greater than the salary of the Director, this is the case of an officer
•whose abilities are cons picuouslvi inferior to those of any now in the Department.
I would not, howevei, recommend that our officers should be permitted to. -take
private consulting practice. The case is different in the Indian Medical or the
Public Works Department, where the issues involved are of a purely individual or
purely local character. The advice which our officers could give involves .wider
•issues of importance to Government, for whom the best of their abilities should
be retained, though naturallv they cannot be retained without being paid for
their recognised commercial value.

7. In proposing the pay scale given below, f have considered the fact that
the service carries a pension by existing rules after twenty years’ service, that
there are certain natural attractions in a regular service with the traditions of
this Department and its position amongst the other Geological Surveys of the
world, and that there are opportunities for scientific work with raw material for
research in an abundance not obtainable in Europe. , These are advantages
sufficient to counterbalance partially the low rate of pay ; but against them should
be placed the prohibition ol private consulting practice, which is permitted in
most Geological Surveys, besides the innumerable disadvantages of life in
the tropics, separated from the society which the scientific man should consider an
essential part of his life.

8 In view of the limits attached to professional Services like those of
the Public W'orks, Forests and Medicine, it would be useless, I know^ to
propose a ma.ximum greater than that established by example as the Hinit But
It should be remembered that any G'eological Survey Officer fit to be Director
of the^ Department (which according to the way in which it is managed, may
‘vary in its value to Government on a scale altogether out of proportion to its
cost) can afford more readily perhaps than any other professional officer to sever
his connection with the service, atid to rely on his value as a Consulting Adviser,
even if his scientific reputation is insufficient to command a first-class
Professorship. . The value of the highest post in the Department is the standard
'by which an able and ambitious officer gauges the value of the service, and the
Dircictor’s pay should be, therefore, sufficiently beyond that of the other officers
- stimulate special activity in the lower grades ; for it should be remembered
that, unlike a service in which executive routine necessarily limits the value of
j"® officer, the scientific man’s value to the country is directly

dependent on his activity in developing work along new lines. It may
e inexp^ient to offer a pay beyond that recognised as a maximum in the
‘>’6 Forests, Public Works and Medical Departments;

• below ^ believe that for every rupee by which the Director’s pay is reduced
saved 3iOoo, the country will in the long run lose many times the amount so

27

Q. Apart from the fact that the post involves responsibilities greatly in
excess of those incurred by the Superintendents, the administrative work cuts
the Director off absolutely from the privileges of further scientific research, and
consequently, at the present scale of pay, makes the post, by common con^nt
of the Department, less to be desired than that of a Superintendent. The
officer selected for the post of Director should be marked beyond his colleagues
with abilities recognised, by some definite distinction in the scientifie world, as
fit to deal professionally with the variety of subjects under his_ control. As
most of the results of the Geological Survey officers’ work are issued in the ^
Records and Memoirs, which are now recognised by the scientific world as
publications, there is the same opportunity in this country as there is in Europe
for the geologist to obtain recognition for his work, and the Government are able,
consequently, to obtain a valuation of an officer’s scientific work from their
advisers in England. The supplementary qualification of administrative capacity
required of the Director can be judged more precisely by his work as a Superin-
tendent, for which promotion should be made by selection from the general body
of officers below.

lo. In proposing the salary of Rs, i,!oo— loo — 1,600 for the Superin-
tendents, 1 have kept in view the fact that whilst their qualifications and probable
length of service should demand a recognition comparable to that given to the
Superintending Engineers in the Public Works Department, or to Conservators
in the Forest Department, their immediate responsibilities as regards Govern-
ment money are less, and their opportunities for scientific work should be regarded
as a distinct advantage worth a certain amount of sacrifice of salary. It should
be remembered also that, unlike Superintending Engineers, the post of Superin-
tendent of the Geological Survey of India, which is the highest post the average
officer can hope to obtain, does not carry the extra pension given Tor three
years of approved service to the Superintending Engineers, and the salary pro-
posed is thus the minimum that could be fairly offered to officers whose educa-
tion and technical training involve an expense greater than that necessary for the
recruit to the Public Works Department or the Forests. There is no officer in
the Department at present who has not obtained either a first class degree or an
equivalent diploma m science, and most have double degrees, or a University
degree as well as a professional diploma. It is to the interest of Government
to offer rewards which will be worth the ambitious work of officers whose abilities
are thus proved by their qualifications on appointment: the selection of the right
kind of recruit is not more important than the just treatment of an officer after
appointment, who, according to his prospects, may become a purely mechanical
official, or one who, as should be the case in scientific work, makes his own
work, and finds new opportunities for scientific and economic developments.

_i I. For the rest of the Department I would propose to abolish the dis-
tinction between the Deputy and Assistant Superintendents, granting a rate of
pay regulated by length of approved service, from the initial pay of Rs. 350 to the
maximum of Rs. 1,000 after 15 years’ service, obtained by increments of Rs. 30
for the first five years, Rs. 40 for the second^five years and Rs. 60 for the last
five^ years, There is no essential difference between the functions of the
Assistant Superintendents -and the Deputy Superintendents, and the division
of such a small number of officers into two groups of fixed numerical limits intro-
duces a cause of serious irregularity in the rate of promotion. In some cases
officers have been promoted to the Deputy Superintendents’ grade immediately
on completion of their probation of two years ; in other cases they have been
delayed for years at the top of the lowest grade for a vacancy in the next above.
The division into two grades is doubtless intended to reduce, the possible
variations in the total budget for salaries ; but seeing the officers are so few in
number, the risk of unforeseen financial variations is probably less than that
involved in any one grade of the Forests, Public Works or Telegraph services.

12. With regard to the number of officers to be entertained in the lowest
grade, or Assistant Superintendents, as they might all be called, I would propose
as a rninimum the total of the present two grades of Deputy and Assistant
^perintendents, » plus two for the absorbed post of Mining Specialists, and
.the creation of three additional posts to cover the estimated absence of about
20 per cent, of the officers on leave, for which I find no provision has been

28

marie hitherto in estimating the working strength oi the Department. The
nomfnal strength of the graded list would thus be i8 instead of 13 as at present.

In addition to the officers provided for_ the ordinary work of the
Geological Survey, all necessitating the combination of specialization in

problems. This is, 1 consider, our most pic&bmg wam at present, ana it js in
this section of our work that we are able to demonstrate a greater neglect of
urgent questions than in any other part. We are compelled to rely frequently
on rough qualitative determinations in many_ cases where exact quantitative
work is required to give our results the precision necessary for practical ends,
whilst analogy with other countries with a similar petrological variety forces the
conclusion that our failure to recognise certain minerals, especially those of
the rare earths which have recently acquired a commercial value, is due to want
of facilities for the more advanced developments of analytical chemistry.
Hitherto we have been compelled to rel;r on our ability to retain as Curator at
head-quarters an officer who has a special knowledge of chemistry. This, how-
ever, very often results in withdrawing an officer who at the same time may be
our only specialist in some other branch of work in the field. We have
also relied on the fact that the present Assistant Curator has developed,
during his service of 21 years, a special aptitude for chemical work; but his
employment in the Laboratory withdraws his services from the Museum, which
has not been developed for the public education in many w-ays which we know
would be of value to the country, whilst at any time we may be handicapped
by our inability to replace the Assistant Curator when he is forced to take
leave. Besides the fact that the total strength available in the Laboratory
is insufficient to meet our growing requests for chemical work, the're are branches
of mineral chemistry which cannot be taken up by an officer of general training :
the ■work requires a specially trained officer, and in order that his work may be
successful he must be able to devote the whole of his.time to it without fear
of the frequent interruptions which the Curator and Assistant Curator are
subject to when at tN'ork in the Laboratory.

14. The chemist should, I consider, be ungraded : his work would never
qualify him for promotion to the grade of Superintendent, but his pay might be
governed by the rules proposed for the Assistant Superintendents, namely, a rise
from Rs. 350 to a maximum of Rs. 1,000 in 15 years, regulated by increments
of Rs. 30, 40, and 60 for the three periods of five years each.

15. The total nominal strength of the Department, estimated by the
conversion of the Mining Specialists appointments, the addition of 20 per cent,
to meet leave vacancies, and the appointment of a special chemist, would thus
be as follows : —

Director

Superintendents ...

Assistant Superintendents
Chemist ...

Assistant Curator ...

««•

.M X

... 3
... 15
... 1

... I

Total

SI

to xvhether this proposed strength is sufficient to meet the actual requirements
of the country is not easily determined with precision. As far as 1 can
tiM, the present strength of the Department was originally determined, on no
grounds than that of an experimental guess, and since the cadre was
Burma has been added to the empire without any provision
oroh^hlv requirements of a country which in mineral value »s

'“Wja the rest ot India. Whether ™ work on purely
pseting, the .'^^ole time of the Department in simple pros-

aim IS, of course, the development of the mineral resources,

29

and the question of strength must thus be regulated on' a scale which would be
regarded as a sound investment in view of the mineral developments which
will arise from, or will' be healthily directed as the outcome of, the Geological
Survey work. There is no doubt that the work done in the past in the sim|)le
preparation of the geological map has been paid for many times over in its
- assistance to the existing mining industries, the maps of the coalfields being, /or
instance, the daily guide to the coal-mine managers in planning their work.
There is not, I think) the slightest fear of exaggeration in asserting that the work
described'in the last General Report alone will return to the country, and pro-
bably in the form of revenue to the Government, a value in excess of what the
Department has cost since its foundation in 1850.

16. There are, however, two ways in which a fair approximation can be
- obtained of what should be regarded as an economic outlay in a Geological De-
partment:/!) By_ taking the minerals known to exist in the country, one can
make a rough estimate of the number of experts who would be required by a
company holding all the mineral rights to complete the exploratory work in,
say, 10 years, and to carry on the work of revision pari passu with subsequent
development ; —

{a) The revision of our coal-field maps from the data obtainable by recent'
mining, and the prospecting of areas w'here coal is known to exist
with an uncertainty about its economic value, would occupy the
full time of an officer specialized in coal.

(6) The undeveloped oil-fields of which we have but vague ideas in Upper
Burma and Assam, wilt require some years to survey, and develop-
ments in progress will require the perpetual enlerlainment of an
officer who makes this subject his special study.

(r) Amongst the metalliferous minerals, iron, manganese, nickel and
aluminium will occupy the full time of an officer with knowledge
also of the fuel questions.

(rf) The more valuable metals, gold, tin and copper, all of which are
known to form prospecting propositions in India, cannot be investi-
gated by less than the equivalent of one officer continuously
employed.

(e) Of the remaining minerals, I would group steatite, magnesite, corun-
dum, mica, gemstones, graphite, building stone and slate as a
senes of minerals relating to which the questions to be solved
would occupy the full time of an officer ; the chemical questions
connected with salt saltpetre, the soda compounds, sulphuric

^nd minerals of the rare earths are
sufficient for another, whilst water and engineering questions would
occupy the whole attention of a third officer.

(/) In addition to the seven officers estimated as necessary for the
minerals of economic value known to exist in the country, there
should be a proportion devoted to the simple geological mapping
of unsurveyed areas, and for this a staff of at least four woulS bf

Provinces, two for the
O'" economic impor-
p • unsuryeyed areas in Central India, Rajpu-

tana and Gujarat. There are also in the Himalayas large areas
st.Il unsurveyed, sufficient to take the full time of one officer.

ig) The head-quarters staff should include the Director, a Superintendent
in charge of the correspondence and the issue of publications a
Paleontologist the Curator of the Museum, who also acts as
‘ ^ Pctrologist, the present Assistant Curator and a

chemist for whom a special proposal is made in paragraph 13.

3 °

i8. It is understood, of course, that this estimate of the work by subjects
does not imply that a single officer would spend the whole time of his service at
coal, or petroleum, or at any one of the groups of minerals. The estimate is the
outcome of our experience that if we took up, as^ we should do, all the (Questions
referred to us about, say, coal or petroleum, or either of the groups of minerals
we should find that on an average one officer would be continuously employed
in each of these divisions, either in advising^ the Local Governments, or in exami-
ning new occurrences On account of our limited staff, the latter section of this
w'ork is now necessarily neglected in most of the groups, whilst in giving advice
and information we are merely drawing on the results of the surveys made in the
past before developments occurred, and in many cases we have to rely on mere
reconnaissances of unsurveyed ground.

ig A second method of estimating the advisable strength of the Depart-
ment can be adopted by dividing the total area geogiaphically, estimating a
minimum of one officer necessary to deal with the problems of each of the
provincial areas, Assam, Baluchistan, Bengal, Bombay, Central India, Madras
(with Coorg), Punjab, Rajputana and the United Provinces, estimating three for
the Central Provinces, where besides large unsurveyed tracts, there are signs of
unusual activity in mineral development, and six for Burma, most of which
have been so far unsurveyed, although it is possibly more promising than any
of the provinces from a mineral point of view. The estimate of six for Burma
is equivalent to that of four for purely exploratory work given in paragraph i6
(/) ®sits share of the special minerals. We have thus an esti-

mate of 1 8 officers according to the provincial divisions ; to this staff should be
added six for the special work at head-quarters as detailed in paragraph i6 (g)
and an addition of 20 per cent., or say, five to meet leave vacancies, making a
total nominal strength of 29.

20. The estimate of about 30 officers which I have made is the minimum
which I consider to be necessary for the work which I see in view as work of
direct benefit to the country. But on account of the difficulty of recruiting at
present, I would not propose the immediate appointment of officers beyond the
total strength of 20 as detailed in paragraphs 12 to 1 6. The scheme for regular
appointments proposed in my letter No. 3011 of the 2nd December 1903, which
has received the approval of the Secretary of State, has already had a beneficial
influence on our system of recruiting ; but its effects are limited by the small
prospects of the service, and I think consequently it would be unwise to recruit
beyond the total strength of 20 until it has become generally known that the
pay scale has been sufficiently improved to command the services of men who
now consider it wiser to avoid the ties of permanent service in India, Unless *
the pay scale is revised along the lines proposed, I should consider it unwise to
attempt to increase the normal strength of the Department even to as ^ much as
20 and the proposals for the revision of the pay scale with the special terms
offered to the Superintendents and the Director are made as much with the
intention of stirring up the ambitions of those already in the service, as with the
certainty of creating competition amongst recruits. It should be remembered
that, for many years there has been absolutely no competition for appointments

in the Geological Survey, and that often there has been a difficulty in persuading
suitable candidates to accept the posts.

21. Briefly, ray proposals are as follows

(a) that the short term appointments for Mining Specialists be changed
for two appointments in the regular graded lists ;

(i) that three new appointments be made to cover leave vacancies ;

(c) that the distinction between the Deputy Superintendents and Assistant
Superintendents be abolished, and that all graded officers below
the rank of Superintendents be styled Assistant Superiptendents
with a pay rising ftom Rs. 350 to Rs. i,oco on completion of 15
years approved service, the rise being regulated by annual incre-
Rs. 30, Rs. 40 and Rs. 60, for the respective first, second
and third periods of five years j

3 * '

(d) that an ungraded post of chemist be created, carrying salary and
allowances on the terms provided .for the Assistant Supenn*
tendents

(c) that the pay scale for the Superintendents be raised' to Rs. 1,100-7:

100—1,600, and that the Director’s salary be increased to

No. 107 (Revenue), dated India Office the 15th June 150G.

From— His Majesty's Secretary of State for India,

Tot'^JHIs Excellency .the Right Honourable the .Gwernor Generd of India in
Counclh \

I have had under my consideration in Council ,the letter of Your Excel:
, ' . . , , ^ , o ' lehcy’s Government, No. ppf (Finance),

daibd the 22nd March' '1906. submitting
’•Pr 0 .A,Marekipo 6 ,Nos. 3 O 2 s> proposals Tox ‘tHe reorganization of the

Geological Survey Department.

2. Of the six proposals enumerated in paragraph 6 I sanqtion .those
numbered i to 0 inqlusiVe, and I agree to the proposal .in paragraph 8 that, .in
view of the improved rates of salaries now sanctioned,' exchange' compensation
allowance .should not be 'j;canted to future .entrants ‘into the‘'depat;tment, and
that, as regards present incunibents, the allowance should be absorbed a,s .soon as
the 'officer begins to draw, on the new scale, higher emqlpraents thap he fi^ould
have obtained on tjie old scale.

3. With regard to the proposal numbered that .the pay of the .Director .b.e
raiseQ.to Rs. 2,000—100—2,500 a month, I have to remark .that |the pay of this
post was raised ip 1901 from Rs. 1,500 to Rs. ,1,800 a month, so as to bring it
on - a level p'ith the pay oif the heads of the Meteorological and Civil Veterinary
Departments. The Geological 'Survfey.ifrom an admiqistrative point ,of view, is
not a specialty onerous or important Department, a.hd the salary proposed for the
Director is in excess of lyhat the ordinary responsibilities of the post would seem
to require, and disproportionate to the general scale of salaries in the Department.
I am willing, however, to sanction a pay of Rs. 2,000 a month for the Director,
andtto .aUow the incumbent of the post to receive exchange. compensation allow-
ance, -as an, exception ,tp,the general rule on the.subject of that allowance which
is to be applied in' future to the department.

4. Mr. Holland’s case is exceptional, and in the circumstance stated by you
m.ayihe,most -appropriately dealt with Jjy granting -him a personal allowance of
Rs. 500 a month, in addition >to. the -salary of Rs. 2,000 a month- now sanctioned
for the post. I accordingly sanction the grant to him of a personal allowance of
that amount.

5. I shall take steps to recruit qualified persons for the five posts mentioned
in the last paragraph of your letter.

No. X2.

N 0, c 7092— 7 1 06— 1 5 1 .

•RESOLUTION.

Simla, the ftk September tpo 6 .

•Th^ Government of India have recently had before them.^he, question of
the reorganization of the Geological Survey Departnjeht. Ovving to the ex-
pansion ( of mining enterprise ■ in America, South Africa, Australia and other
countries, ' there ris at present. a large and growing demand for mining and
geological , experts. Men possessing a sound scientific education and with
ptactical experience of mining. and geological jvork command very' high salaries.

32

This has not been without effect on the Geological Survey Department, and it
has become increasingly difficult to enlist candidates ^jossessing a technical
training. It has, in fact, become evident that the rates of pay in force are
insufficient to attract the class of officers whom it is desired to secure, and that
it is necessary to offer to geological officers salaries bearing a reasonable relation
to the emoluments which they could obtain in the open market. The only
alternative to an increase in the rates of pay would be to recruit officers, who
have obtained a sound general education, but who have not received a special
preparation for geological work. In that case it would be necessary to train
them after their appointment to the Department, a process which would not only
result in a considerable loss of power, but is also open to objection inasmuch as
there would be no guarantee at the time of their appointment that the candidates
selected would develop the qualities and acquire the specialised knowledge,
which are essential to the satisfactory conduct of the work of the Department*
It was also found that the rates of pay were not liberal enough to retain officers
after they had acquired sufficient experience to qualify them as mining and
geological experts. Government were therefore threatened with the danger of
losing the service of trained experts at a time when their services were abso-
lutely indispensable.

2. Not only was a material increase in the pay of the various grades
required, but also a considerable addition to the strength of the existing estab-
lishment. The rapid expansion of the economic side of the work is a new
feature, and it is regarded as vitally important that all possible facilities should
be given to assist the development upon a sound basis of mining industries in
India. The necessity for the rapid completion of the geological survey of India
has frequently been urged on the Government of India, who fully recognize the
immediate scientific, and the ultimate practical, advantages of this work, but it
W'as felt that the Geological Survey Department could not with its existing -
strength undertake the scientific work, for the performance of wffiich it was
primarily constituted, and at the same time devote that amount of attention
which the interests of India now demand to purely economic enquiries.

3. Proposals for the reorganisation of the Department were therefore sub-
mitted to the Secretary of State, and have now received his approval. The
following are the changes which have been made in its constitution

(1) Two short term appointments of mining specialists haveTieen abolish-

ed, and two new appointments have been added to the graded list
in their place.

(2) Three new appointments have been added to the cadre to increase

the strength of the Department and to provide a reserve for leave
vacancies.

(3) An ungraded post, to be held by a trained chemist, has been created

carrying a salary of Rs. 500 per mensem rising to Rs. i ,000 by
annual increments of Rs. 50.

(4) The distinction between Deputy Superintendents and Assistant Supe-

rintendents has been abolished, and all graded officers below the
rank of Superintendent will be styled Assistant Superintendents,
and will receive a monthly pay of Rs. 350 rising to Rs. 1,000 by
annual increments of Rs. 30 during the first 5 years and of Rs. 50
thereafter. One Assistant Superintendent employed as Palaeonto-
logist will obtain, as at present, a monthly allowance of Rs. 150.

(5) The scale of pay for Superintendents, has been fixed at Rs. 1,000 per

mensem rising to Rs. 1,400 by annual increments of Rs. 80.

(6) The pay of the Director has been raised from Rs. 1,500—60—1,000

to Rs. 2,000 fixed. A personal allowance of Rs. 500 ^ month has
been especially sanctioned for the present Director, Mr. Holland,
in addition to the pay of the appointment.

33

4 - In view of the increase in. the emoluments of the service exchange com*
pensation allowance will not be granted to future entrants into the Department in
addition to the rales of pay now sanctioned. As regards present incumbents,
the allowance will be absorbed as soon as an ofTiccr begins to draw on the now
scale higher emoluments than he would have obtained on the old scale including
the allowance. Both the present Director and his successors will, however,
continue to draw it.

5. The revised scheme will come into force from ist July 1906. The staff
of the Department as it stands after reorganization is contrasted below with the

existing strength : —

1

' n*.

Re,

1 Director OA

•••

Mae— ea-i,(ss

1 Dlr*el*fBn

i^eoo

9 Supertotendenlt

Ptt

raa-511— i.tae

i Sa|i«tlettnicntt ea

fieaB**^>*ti,ea

S Dcpntjr SufcrlHtcDdcDli ,i, * ...

S AilItUrtSnperlBltndtnKen ...

t Mining SpMlnIl.tt on tSUrlo nal «((«■]•
Inp l(i.i|«oa me not Itn Ituia it*, jn.

Soo— *0— jae't

|SO-S»— SM

••-SM 1

IS Attlibnt Sspartn.

Icnderli on K*.

. MS— Si-Seo lef
frtl Krt jrtan and
Iti. sen— se— '.aoe
Ihotalttr.

•

• ••*«•

1 ChtiBlii an

jae— Ss— ».eeo

1 Atililasl Canter as „

tia— Jso

1 Aiilitisl Cuiat*ran

. 6. The conditions of service in the Department have been revised and are
annexed to this Resolution.

!•

n

•>

»•

•>

Secretary to Hie Government of Mn(}r.is.

.1 I. .. Ooitibay*.

II I, II ntn(fnli

' „ ,1 „ ■ United Pro*

vinccs.

Hie Punjab*
Hurnin
Eastern Ben*
frni and
' Arsam.

The Tlon'ble the Chief Commissioner of Hie
Central Provinces.

. The Cliitf Commusioner of Coorff.

Tlie Chief Commissioner of Ajmere-Menvnr.s.
'Ihc Hon'blc the ARcnt to (he Governor
Gencr.sl and Chief Commissioner of the
North* West Frontier Province.

.’The Hon'blc the ARcnt to the Governor
General in Dalucliistan.

Order.— ‘Ordered that a copy of the
foregoing Resolution be forwarded to tlie
Local Governments and Administrations
marginally noted, to the Finance Depart-
ment and to the Director, Geological
Survey of India, for information, and it be
published in the Supplement to the Gaa*
etlccf India,

W. L. HARVEY,

Secretary to the Govt, ^ Indian ^

34

APPENDIX.

• * t

Conditions for Indian Geologicod Survey Appointments.

I. The Geological Survey Department is at present constituted as follows r—

Monthly

salary.

Rs.

1 Director 3fOOO

3 Superintendents ... ... ... ... i,ooo rising by Rs, 8o to Rs, tufoow

IS Assistant Superintendents:— '

For the hrst five years Ml Ml •«« 3So rising by Rs 30 to Rs. 500.

Thereafter ... „. .m 500 rising by Rs. 50 to Rs. i,oooi.

I Chemist ... «. ... 500 rising by Rs. 50 to Rs. iiooo.

A local allowance of Rs. 1 50 per mensem is granted to the oiEcer doing
the work of Palaeontologist at .head-quarters.

No allowance of the nature of exchange compensation will he given.

2. Appointments to the Department are made by the Secretary of State for
India. They will usually be made about July of each year, and the probable
number of appointments will, if possible, be announced about two years in
advance. The age of candidates should not exceed 25. Every candidate must
be in sound bodily health, and will be required to satisfy the Medical Board at
the India Office of his physical fitness in all respects to perform the duties of
the Geological Survey, which involve considerable fatigue and exposure.

3. Besides a good general education, a sound education in geology is
essential ; a .University dewee and a knowledge of French or German will be
regarded as important iquaUhcations ; and certiBcates of a high moral character
will he required,

4. Candidates must also have had one or two^ years’ practical training in
mines, or in technical laboratories, as may be required by the Government of
India.

S* First appointments are probationary for two years,, at the end of which
time the probationer, if found qualified, and continued in the Department, will
reckon his service for leave and pension from the date of arrival in India.

6. A first class passage to India is given subject to the condition that its cost
shall be refunded in the event of an officer resigning the service, on grounds other
than certified ill-health, before the expiry of the period of probation. If, on
the expiry of the period of probation, the officer’s service is determined, or
if he is compelled by certified ill-health to resign the service before such expiiy,
he will be provided with a free first class passage back to England. Pay com-
mences from date of arrival injndia. Travelling 'allowances, regulated by the
rules applicable to the Department, are allowed at a rate calculated to cover
actual expenses of tentage and locomotion.

7. Under ordinary circumstances, all Assistants, unless they have special
claims from previous training and experience elsewhere, will enter the Depart-
ment, in the lowest class on a salary of Rs. 350 per mensem. This will increase
annually at the rate of Rs. 30 per mensem for the first five years ; thereafter at
the rate of Rs. 50 per mensem until the limit of pay for the grade, vie.,
Rs. 1,000, per mensem is reached ; the first increase to be from the date on which
the Assistant shall be declared to have passed the ordinary examination in the
language of the country by the first or lower standard, according to the general
rules provided for such examinations.

8. This annual increase will, in all cases, be granted only on the certificate
of the Head of the Department, that the Assistants so recommended have prov-
ed fully deserving of the promotion by the intelligence and zeal with which
their duties have been performed.

35

9 * Proniotion to the grade of Superintendent will depend on qualifications
and merit and on the existence of vacancies in that grade. In the case of an
ofiicer who joined the Department before the end of 1893, not in the case of
one who joined later, the following rule applies, vis.^ that he may, if especially
qualified, count all service on the maximum pay of a grade towards increment in
the salary of the next higher grade.

10. While local experience and training must always hold a very prominent
place in estimating the position or the promotion of Assistants, it must be distin-
ctly understood that mere seniority of service, unaccompanied by proved ability
and steady devotion to duty, gives no claim to promotion into the higher grades
of the staff of the Survey.

11. The leave, leave allowances and pensions of officers of the Department
will be governed by the provisions of the Civil Service Regulations applicable
thereto. These regulations are liable to be modified by the Government of India
from time to time.

No. 13.

No. 214 (Pay and Allowances), dated 13th June 1907.
From— The Government of India,

To— HU Majesty's SccrcUry of Slate for India,

We have the honour to forward a copy of a letter from the Director, Geolo*
giCcil Survey of India, No. 5945, dated the 4th December igo 5 , in which he
points out the effect, on .some of the present incumbents of that department, of
the reorganisation scheme which was sanctioned in your Revenue Despatch No,
(07, dated the 15th June 1906.

2. The changes effected by the scheme include the abolition of the grade of
Deputy Superintendent and the introduction of a time-scale for all officers below
the rank of Superintendent, who are to receive a monthly pay of Rs. 350 rising to
Rs. 1,000 by annualincremcnts of Rs. 30 during the first five years, and of
Rs. 50 therestfler. The pay of the grade of Superintendent was also raised from,.
Rs. 700— 50 — 1,000 to Rs. 1,000—80 — 1,400. The rules which regulate the
gr.ant of'initial pay on transfer to an appointment on progressive pay are contain-
ed in Articles 1 57-A and 1 5S of the Civil Service Regulations, and the effect of
these rules in the case of the Superinlendenls and of the Assistant Superinten*
dents of the Geological Survey is shown in the statement attached to the letter
of the Comptroller, India Treasuries, No. G. A.-2.|85, dated the 15th November
1906, which forms an enclosure to the Director’s letter. It w'ill be seen that,
under the operation of these rules, on many of the present incumbents the scheme
docs not confer any immediate benefit, and it will further be noticed that the
officers who would have been entitled under the old scale to their annual incre-
ment on various dates will in future draw them on the ist July in each year, since
the scheme was introduced on the isi July igo6, and that they will thus lose in
pny by the postponement of the date on which the increment is due. It is clear
that special orders are required to protect present incumbents against loss by the
introduction of the time-scale ; and wc have therefore the honour to submit for
your favourable consideration the proposals explained in the two succeeding
paragraphs.

f.fr, Datta
„ Vredenburf;

,1 Walker
,, Ilallowrs ..I

Pay wnilrr

I f opuicd

rule.
Re.
I,ao0
750

3. With regard to the four Assistant Superintendents whose names are

given in the margin we recommend that
these officers should be granted the pay
to which they would have been entitled had
they been serving on a time-scale from the
commencement of their service. The ap-
plication of this rule, which was sanctioned
in the case of the Enrolled Officers of the
Finance Department in your Financial
Despatch No. 51, dated the 1 ith May 1906, will benefit Messrs. Datta, Vreden-
burgand Hallowes and will protect Mr. Walker from future loss. In the case of
Messrs. Fermor, Pilgrim Tipper, and Brown, however, the application of the rule

3 fo

380

Pay uniltr
reari;ani‘ntIon
Echt me.

Its.

700

6jO and in perronat al-
lowance,

3R0

3S«»(Wil| receive inerc.
menton an e.’nlicr
date.)

36

would result in an immediate decrease in their pay, while it would retard the
date of increment of Mr, Pascoe by six months and that of Mr. Cotter by eight
months. The first three of these olficers obtained rapid promotion to the old
grade of DejJuty Superintendent and have thus reached their present scale of pay
in far less time than they would have done under a time-scale. Again Messrs.
Pascoe and Cotter have benefitted by the operation of a rule under which the
first increment, in the case of officers of the Geological Survey, is granted on
passing the vernacular test irrespective of the period of service rendered. Simi-
larly Mr. Brown drew his first increment before completing his first year’s service
on passing the vernacular test. We therefere recommend that —

(0 Messrs Fermor, Pilgrim and Tipper should remain on the old scale
of pay of Deputy Superintendent, m., Rs. 500-— 40 — 700 and be
granted exchange compensation allowance. 'They should stop at
Rs, 700 till they become entitled under the time-scale to an amount
exceeding Rs. 700 and exchange compensation allowance.

(»<) Mr. Brown should be considered as having reached on the ist July
1906 the Rs. 380 stage in the scale of Rs. 350--30— -500, his next
increment accruing on the Jst June 1907.

(m) Messrs. Pascoe and Cotter should cojunt increments from the dates
under the scale obtaining previous’to the reorganisation.

4. As regards the Superintendents, we would observe that neither Mr. La
Touche nor Mr. Middlemiss will benefit under the reorganisation scheme. They
have rendered long service and have been 8 and 5 years, respectively, on the
maximum ‘of- the old grade of Superintendent (ma., Rs. 1,000), -and in view of the
fact Ih'at one of'our objects in reorganising the department was to benefit present
incumbents as n'^ell as to attract suitable recruits, we strongly recommend .that
they should be given, with effect from the ist July 1906, the maximum pay of
their grade in the new scale, viz , Rs. 1,400.

No. 14.

No. 1087, dated Calcutta, the 27th August 1903.

From-— T. H. Holland, Esq., A R.C.S., F.G.S., Director, Geological Survey of
India,

To*— The Secretary to the Government of India,

I have the honour to inform you that Lala Kishen Singh, Sub-Assistant
in this Department, liaving been granted an invaliding certificate by the Stand-
ing Invaliding Committee of Rawalpindi with the recommendation that he^ be
retired from the service, necessary steps have been taken to verify his services
and to apply for a pension on his retirement from the 5th June last.

3, The retirement of Sub-Assistant Kishen Singh completes a part of the
experimental scheme for the employment of native apprentices or probationers
in this Department, ordered by Government in Mr. Hume's letter No. 676 of
the i8th October 1872. An application just made by the other Sub- Assistant,
Hira Lai, to retire on the completion of 30 years' service will, if permitted, com-
plete this experiment. The time 'has thus 'arrived for recommending, for the
further consideration of Government, the decision recorded in Resolution No,
3—74 of the 8th ' March 1893 (paragraph 7, footnote), namely, that one appoint-
ment in the Assistant Superintendent’s grade is reserved to cover the cost of
Sub- Assistants.

3. I have carefully examined the reports which have been made from time
to time with regard to the work of the Sub- Assistants, ' and we have also had op-
portunities of personally testing their capacity both in the field and at head-
quarters. Whilst I am perfectly aware of their inability to carry out geological
researches of an original character, and have shown clearly that it is not easy to
obtain a native educated in this country the all-round qualities required in a
geologist, I am of opinion that the work done by the two Sub-Assistants shows that
m certain subordinate, but none the less essential, phases of geojogical work, the
native educated in this country can be profitably employed in the Geological

37 '

• 4 - '* valuable features which have been discovered in the two Sub-Assis-
tants who were appointed 36 3'ears ago, when scientific education Avas less
developed in India, should be obtainable now in a more satisfactory degree.
With the .possibility of 'obtaining a better class of recruit, there is- the supple-
mentary fact that geological work generally, and the work of this Department in
particular, has developed in a way which permits of the regulation of many
mechanical details to a subordinate staff. In the early days of the Survey,
when the geological features of the country were being unravelled and classified
for the first time, and when, on account of the absence of systematic work in
related areas, geological science had to be formulated de novo for India,, it was
essential that every officer of the Department should be fully qualified for
original work, and there was little or no call for the mechanical operations of
subordinates. And although there is still a field for the original worker, and
still the same call for the class of geologist defined by Mr. Medlicott in para-
graphs 4 and 5 of his letter No. 295 of the 15th November 1879, there is, in
addition to and as the outcome of the high, grade of scientific work done by
previous officers of the Department, a considerable amount of mechanical, though
not mechanical, work which can most economically be done by intelligent

subordinates — work' that requires an appreciation of the principles of geology,
without necessarily involving the mental qualifications required of the original
worker. The collecting of specimens from recognized formations, the outlining
- of simple formations on the map, and the superintendence of prospecting opera-
tions are amongst the duties which are essential in ' a well_ organized geological
survey, and which, without intelligent subordinate assistance, would involve
a waste of lime on the part of a more highly paid officer fitted for scientific
work. In the .same way at headquarter.*;, the registration of specimens, the
preparation of microscopic slides, the carrying out of simple assays, the segrega-
tion of technical matters from routine files, and the indexing of publications are
functions beyond the ability of the ordinary erk, and yet are such that need not
be allowed to devour the time of a fully qualified scientific officer. In all these
points both the Depaitment and Geology have developed since Mr. Medli-
cott’s days, largely, in f.'ict,'as^ the outcome of the genius and industry of himself
and his colleagues ; and I think he would agree with me that there are now
many more reasons than formerly for employing native subordinates in this
Department, without, however, introducing the unrelated question which appa-
rently disturbed Mr, Mcdlicotc, of their fitness for promotion to the higher
grades.

5. I would therefore propose that the posts of Sub-Assistants be main-
tained, and that for the vacancy now caused by the retirement of Sub-.^ssistant
f;Cishen Singh, I may be allowed to take steps to select a suitable candidate.

6. With regard to the salary to be offered for these posts, I would suggest,
as \ye are able now to obtain a better educated class to draw from than was
possible 30 years ago, that the initial salary be fixed at Rs. 100 a month, with a
rise to Rs. 150 on completion of a satisfactory probation of 2 years, and that
thereafter, on approved work, annual increments of Rs. 10 be granted, subject
to a maximum pay of Rs. 300 a month. It will be noticed that this proposal
cuts out the apprenticeship period, as it was described when the two Sub-Assis-
tants were first appointed, and my reason for making this suggestion is that I
know of at least two students in India at present who arc, I think, qualified for
immediate appointment to the grade of Sub-Assistants, the recent development
of the^ Universities having accomplished the work which the Government,
according to Mr. Hume’s letter No. 44 of the 131)1 May 1879, considered to be
one-of the functions of the Geological Survey.

7. The failure to .bring this matter to the notice of Government some five
years ago, in anticipation pf the retirement of the two Sub-Assistants, deprives
us of the privilege of having a long probationary period ; but the fact' that there
are suitable candidates at present available slmuld influence a decirion in favour
of immediate appointment.

8. I take it for granted that the wording of the footnote in Resolution
No. 3—74 of the 8th March 1893, referred to above in paragraph 2, implies
that the whole question of employing Sub-Assistants would be revived on the

38

retire.rent of those then on the list.. The proposal made in paragraph < is thus
qu^estion. and in asking permission to fill up the^ vacancy
caiwed by Kishen Singh s retirement, I wish also to obtain the permission
ot Government to take similar steps with regard to the vacancy which will pro-
bably be caused shortly by the retirement of Sub-Assistant Hira Lai.

No. 15.

No. 56 (Geology and Mineral), dated igth October 19:1.

From— The Government of India,

To— His Majesty's Secretary of State for India.

We have the honour to forward copy of a letter from the Director, Geologi-
cal Survey of India, No. 5773, dated the 25th September 191 1, on .the subject'
of the appointment of an Artist for the Geological Survey Department.

2. it will be seen from Mr. Hayden’s letter that the attempt to fill the
post locally has been unsuccessful. We request, therefore, that a suitable Artist
may be engaged by Your Lordship on a salary of of Rs. 250 — 25 — 400 a month.
The candidate should be appointed on probation for the first two years.

3. We would suggest that Sir T. Holland, who is acquainted with the re-

quirements of the Department, inay be requested to assist in the selection of a .
candidate,

No. 5773, dated Calcutta, the 2Sth September 1911. '

From— H, H. Hayden, Esq., B.A., ‘F.G.S., Director,. Geological Survey of India,

To— The Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Commerce and
Industry. . . ,

I have the honour.to. inform you that Mr. H. B. W. Garrick, Artist to this
Department, has applied for permission to retire on^ completion of 30 years’ ser-
vice, and that it is probable that he 'will leave India in the first or second week
of November. On the abolition of certain posts in the Archaeological Depart-
ment, Mr. Garrick’s services were transferred to the Geological Survey in the
year i8gi, the former Artist, Mr. Jules Schaumburg, having died in the year
1886 after having completed 17 years* service.

2. On the retirement of Mr. Garrick, i shall be confronted with the serious
difficulty of finding a suitable successor. Mr. Schaumburg was a European Artist
of considerable talent, who had had a special training, which fitted him for the
post of Artist to the Geological Survey. On his death, considerable difficulty
was experienced in finding a successor, and it was not until the fortuitous abo-
lition of Mr, Garrick's former appointment rendered his services available, that
it was possible to find a suitable man. I am now confronted by a similar difficulty,
but one which is greater, owing to the fact that the work of the Drawing Office
has considerably increased of recent years and has been further complicated by
the addition of a plant for the reproduction of plates by the half-tone process.
For some time past I have been endeavouring to find in India a suitable suc-
cessor to Mr. Garrick. Such a man must be not only a good artist familiar with
line and lithographic work, but must understand also map colouring and the
half-tone process, and must furthermore be capable of supervising the work of
the whole staff of the Drawing Office and the lithographic press. It is natur-
ally difficult to obtain the services of a man who will meet all the above require-
ments, for a salary of Rs. 250 — 25—400, and I have failed in my efforts to
find a suitable man in India. I think, however, on the other hand, that the services
of such a man might be obtained in* England, although it must be admitted that
the conditions of life in Calcutta are now such as to render the pay offered
• smaller than is likely to attract a first class man. Mr. Garrick, however, during
his recent visits to England on leave, kept himself in touch with modern pro-
cesses in connection with his own work, and has thereby been . brought into con-
tact with men of the type that we require. He bears out my opinion that it
would not improbably be possible to obtain the services of a man who has been
trained at one or other of the English Polytechnics.

39

3 - I would, therefore, suggest, for the favourable consideration of Govern-
ment, that the Right Honourable the Secretary of State be asked to appoint a
suitable man at the earliest possible date. I may mention that Sir Thomas
Holland is aware of the exact qualifications required, and, should the Secretary
of State think fit to consult him, he would no doubt be glad to interview candi-
dates and make a suitable selection. 1 would recommend that the candidate
appointed should be on probation for the first two years.

G. C. D, P., SitnU.—No. H^-C, & I, D.— ISO—N. C.